{ "document": { "category": "csaf_base", "csaf_version": "2.0", "distribution": { "tlp": { "label": "WHITE" } }, "lang": "en", "notes": [ { "category": "legal_disclaimer", "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings." } ], "publisher": { "category": "coordinator", "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl", "name": "National Cyber Security Centre", "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/" }, "title": "CVE-2025-69196", "tracking": { "current_release_date": "2026-03-28T03:20:47.112495Z", "generator": { "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z", "engine": { "name": "V.E.L.M.A", "version": "1.7" } }, "id": "CVE-2025-69196", "initial_release_date": "2026-03-16T16:03:34.454613Z", "revision_history": [ { "date": "2026-03-16T16:03:34.454613Z", "number": "1", "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (2).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T16:03:42.721096Z", "number": "2", "summary": "NCSC Score created." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T18:38:58.527337Z", "number": "3", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T18:39:01.587667Z", "number": "4", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T19:25:57.777776Z", "number": "5", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T19:26:01.132367Z", "number": "6", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T19:38:40.435849Z", "number": "7", "summary": "Unknown change." }, { "date": "2026-03-16T22:50:59.257516Z", "number": "8", "summary": "Description removed for source.| Description created for source.| References created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-17T07:35:14.818884Z", "number": "9", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-18T00:22:56.158094Z", "number": "10", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." }, { "date": "2026-03-18T00:23:02.102005Z", "number": "11", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-18T00:27:50.266465Z", "number": "12", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (24).| Product Identifiers created (3).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1).| Vendor_assessment created." }, { "date": "2026-03-18T15:27:53.159359Z", "number": "13", "summary": "CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| Product Identifiers created (1).| Exploits created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-18T15:27:59.953782Z", "number": "14", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-19T15:28:35.271733Z", "number": "15", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-19T15:28:37.950810Z", "number": "16", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-19T20:13:31.979160Z", "number": "17", "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." }, { "date": "2026-03-19T20:13:35.157765Z", "number": "18", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." } ], "status": "interim", "version": "18" } }, "product_tree": { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/1", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/1", "product_id": "CSAFPID-1508265", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "Red Hat Developer Hub" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-1439279", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/6", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-1439313", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "Red Hat Satellite 6" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5222639" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "foreman-mcp-server-rhel9" } ], "category": "product_family", "name": "Red Hat Satellite 6" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5811359" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-mlflow-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068100" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-datascience-cpu-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068103" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-minimal-cpu-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068105" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-pytorch-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5222767" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-pytorch-llmcompressor-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068108" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-pytorch-rocm-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068110" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-tensorflow-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5155537" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-pipeline-runtime-tensorflow-rocm-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068114" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-codeserver-datascience-cpu-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068116" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-datascience-cpu-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068119" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-minimal-cpu-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068121" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-minimal-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068123" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-minimal-rocm-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068126" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-pytorch-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5222780" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-pytorch-llmcompressor-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068128" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-pytorch-rocm-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068131" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-tensorflow-cuda-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5155538" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-tensorflow-rocm-py312-rhel9" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5068134" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "odh-workbench-jupyter-trustyai-cpu-py312-rhel9" } ], "category": "product_family", "name": "Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product": { "name": "vers:rpm/unknown", "product_id": "CSAFPID-1508266" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "rhdh-hub-rhel9" } ], "category": "product_family", "name": "Red Hat Developer Hub" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "Red Hat" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<2.14.2", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<2.14.2", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5830123", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:2.3:a:jlowin:fastmcp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "fastmcp" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "jlowin" } ] }, "vulnerabilities": [ { "cve": "CVE-2025-69196", "cwe": { "id": "CWE-863", "name": "Incorrect Authorization" }, "notes": [ { "category": "description", "text": "FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Prior to version 2.14.2, the server does not properly respect the resource parameter submitted by the client in the authorization and token request. Instead of issuing the token explicitly for the MCP server, the token is issued for the base_url passed to the OAuthProxy during initialization. This issue has been patched 2.14.2.", "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "description", "text": "FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Prior to version 2.14.2, the server does not properly respect the resource parameter submitted by the client in the authorization and token request. Instead of issuing the token explicitly for the MCP server, the token is issued for the base_url passed to the OAuthProxy during initialization. This issue has been patched 2.14.2.", "title": "nvd - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "description", "text": "While testing the OAuth Proxy implementation, it was noticed that the server does not properly respect the `resource` parameter submitted by the client in the authorization and token request. Instead of issuing the token explicitly for this MCP server, the token is issued for the `base_url` passed to the `OAuthProxy` during initialization. \n\n**Affected File:**\n*https://github.com/jlowin/fastmcp/blob/main/src/fastmcp/server/auth/oauth_proxy.py#L828*\n\n**Affected Code:**\n```python\nself._jwt_issuer: JWTIssuer = JWTIssuer(\n issuer=str(self.base_url),\n audience=f\"{str(self.base_url).rstrip('/')}/mcp\",\n signing_key=jwt_signing_key,\n)\n```\n\nSince the issued access and refresh tokens do not include information about the resource the token was issued for, it is impossible for the MCP server to properly verify whether the token was issued for it, hence violating the requirement of doing so demanded by the [specification](https://mcp.mintlify.app/specification/2025-11-25/basic/authorization#token-audience-binding-and-validation). Being able to verify whether the token was issued for the target MCP server enforces the protections offered by the steps proposed by the specification and the Resource Indicators OAuth extension.\n\nTherefore, this misconfiguration exposes all MCP server setups using the FastMCP OAuth Proxy to an attack where an adversary creates a malicious MCP server that advertises the benign OAuth Proxy authorization server as its own authorization server. Once a victim completes an OAuth flow with this malicious MCP server, authenticating against the AS, the adversary can extract the token received at the malicious MCP server and use it to access other MCP servers (the benign ones) that also use the same AS, including the tools and resources they expose.\n\n**Steps to reproduce:**\n1. Extract the provided [PoC environment](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/23839983/improper_resource_validation_fastmcp.tgz).\n2. Enter the *client_id* and *client_secret* of a GitHub App you control into the `mcp-server-proxy.py` script.\n3. Start the benign MCP server using an OAuth Proxy (in this case the *GitHubProvider*): `python3 mcp-server-proxy.py`.\n4. Start the malicious AS: `python3 mal_auth_server.py`.\n5. Start the malicious MCP server: `python3 attacker_server.py`.\n6. Connect the client to the malicious MCP server: `python3 client.py`.\n7. Complete the OAuth flow.\n8. Observe in the logs of the malicious MCP server that the request to the benign MCP server with the stolen token returned a 200 status code.\n\n## Impact\n\nThis vulnerability allows an adversary to steal a victim’s authentication material for a benign MCP server using the FastMCP OAuth Proxy. The severity of this issue was decreased to _Medium_ due to the consent screen showing the name of the MCP server the OAuth Proxy was intended for. However, a victim might not see it or get otherwise convinced by the attacker to ignore it, and overall this does not act as a proper mitigation for this issue.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nTo mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to issue tokens specifically for the MCP server submitted in the authorization URL’s `resource` GET parameter. In this way, the receiving MCP server will be able to properly verify that the token was indeed issued for it, allowing it to reject tokens stolen by an attack like the one demonstrated above.", "title": "github - https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "description", "text": "A flaw was found in FastMCP, a framework for building MCP applications. The server does not correctly process the resource parameter provided by the client during authorization and token requests. This can lead to security tokens being issued for an unintended base URL (Uniform Resource Locator) instead of the specific MCP server. Such improper token issuance could allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access or disclose sensitive information.", "title": "redhat - https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "description", "text": "While testing the OAuth Proxy implementation, it was noticed that the server does not properly respect the `resource` parameter submitted by the client in the authorization and token request. Instead of issuing the token explicitly for this MCP server, the token is issued for the `base_url` passed to the `OAuthProxy` during initialization. \n\n**Affected File:**\n*https://github.com/jlowin/fastmcp/blob/main/src/fastmcp/server/auth/oauth_proxy.py#L828*\n\n**Affected Code:**\n```python\nself._jwt_issuer: JWTIssuer = JWTIssuer(\n issuer=str(self.base_url),\n audience=f\"{str(self.base_url).rstrip('/')}/mcp\",\n signing_key=jwt_signing_key,\n)\n```\n\nSince the issued access and refresh tokens do not include information about the resource the token was issued for, it is impossible for the MCP server to properly verify whether the token was issued for it, hence violating the requirement of doing so demanded by the [specification](https://mcp.mintlify.app/specification/2025-11-25/basic/authorization#token-audience-binding-and-validation). Being able to verify whether the token was issued for the target MCP server enforces the protections offered by the steps proposed by the specification and the Resource Indicators OAuth extension.\n\nTherefore, this misconfiguration exposes all MCP server setups using the FastMCP OAuth Proxy to an attack where an adversary creates a malicious MCP server that advertises the benign OAuth Proxy authorization server as its own authorization server. Once a victim completes an OAuth flow with this malicious MCP server, authenticating against the AS, the adversary can extract the token received at the malicious MCP server and use it to access other MCP servers (the benign ones) that also use the same AS, including the tools and resources they expose.\n\n**Steps to reproduce:**\n1. Extract the provided [PoC environment](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/23839983/improper_resource_validation_fastmcp.tgz).\n2. Enter the *client_id* and *client_secret* of a GitHub App you control into the `mcp-server-proxy.py` script.\n3. Start the benign MCP server using an OAuth Proxy (in this case the *GitHubProvider*): `python3 mcp-server-proxy.py`.\n4. Start the malicious AS: `python3 mal_auth_server.py`.\n5. Start the malicious MCP server: `python3 attacker_server.py`.\n6. Connect the client to the malicious MCP server: `python3 client.py`.\n7. Complete the OAuth flow.\n8. Observe in the logs of the malicious MCP server that the request to the benign MCP server with the stolen token returned a 200 status code.\n\n## Impact\n\nThis vulnerability allows an adversary to steal a victim’s authentication material for a benign MCP server using the FastMCP OAuth Proxy. The severity of this issue was decreased to _Medium_ due to the consent screen showing the name of the MCP server the OAuth Proxy was intended for. However, a victim might not see it or get otherwise convinced by the attacker to ignore it, and overall this does not act as a proper mitigation for this issue.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nTo mitigate this vulnerability, it is recommended to issue tokens specifically for the MCP server submitted in the authorization URL’s `resource` GET parameter. In this way, the receiving MCP server will be able to properly verify that the token was indeed issued for it, allowing it to reject tokens stolen by an attack like the one demonstrated above.", "title": "github - https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "other", "text": "0.00012", "title": "EPSS" }, { "category": "other", "text": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N", "title": "CVSSV4" }, { "category": "other", "text": "7.4", "title": "CVSSV4 base score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "4.3", "title": "NCSC Score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "The value of the most recent CVSS (V3) score, There is exploit data available from source Nvd, There is cwe data available from source Nvd", "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors" }, { "category": "details", "text": "Severity: 3\n", "title": "Vendor assessment" } ], "product_status": { "known_affected": [ "CSAFPID-5830123", "CSAFPID-1439279", "CSAFPID-1439313", "CSAFPID-5068100", "CSAFPID-5068103", "CSAFPID-5068105", "CSAFPID-5068108", "CSAFPID-5068110", "CSAFPID-5068114", "CSAFPID-5068116", "CSAFPID-5068119", "CSAFPID-5068121", "CSAFPID-5068123", "CSAFPID-5068126", "CSAFPID-5068128", "CSAFPID-5068131", "CSAFPID-5068134", "CSAFPID-5155537", "CSAFPID-5155538", "CSAFPID-5222639", "CSAFPID-5222767", "CSAFPID-5222780", "CSAFPID-5811359" ], "known_not_affected": [ "CSAFPID-1508265", "CSAFPID-1508266" ] }, "references": [ { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - github", "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - github", "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2025/69xxx/CVE-2025-69196.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - nvd", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - nvd", "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=10000" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - redhat", "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - redhat", "url": "https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2025-69196.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - github", "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=10000" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat", "url": "https://github.com/PrefectHQ/fastmcp/security/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github", "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5h2m-4q8j-pqpj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github; redhat", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69196" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - redhat", "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-69196" } ], "scores": [ { "cvss_v3": { "version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "baseScore": 7.4, "baseSeverity": "HIGH" }, "products": [ "CSAFPID-1439279", "CSAFPID-1439313", "CSAFPID-5068100", "CSAFPID-5068103", "CSAFPID-5068105", "CSAFPID-5068108", "CSAFPID-5068110", "CSAFPID-5068114", "CSAFPID-5068116", "CSAFPID-5068119", "CSAFPID-5068121", "CSAFPID-5068123", "CSAFPID-5068126", "CSAFPID-5068128", "CSAFPID-5068131", "CSAFPID-5068134", "CSAFPID-5155537", "CSAFPID-5155538", "CSAFPID-5222639", "CSAFPID-5222767", "CSAFPID-5222780", "CSAFPID-5811359", "CSAFPID-5830123" ] } ], "title": "CVE-2025-69196" } ] }