{
    "document": {
        "category": "csaf_base",
        "csaf_version": "2.0",
        "distribution": {
            "tlp": {
                "label": "WHITE"
            }
        },
        "lang": "en",
        "notes": [
            {
                "category": "legal_disclaimer",
                "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings."
            }
        ],
        "publisher": {
            "category": "coordinator",
            "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl",
            "name": "National Cyber Security Centre",
            "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/"
        },
        "title": "CVE-2026-28394",
        "tracking": {
            "current_release_date": "2026-03-23T03:48:19.940338Z",
            "generator": {
                "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z",
                "engine": {
                    "name": "V.E.L.M.A",
                    "version": "1.7"
                }
            },
            "id": "CVE-2026-28394",
            "initial_release_date": "2026-03-05T22:27:52.669141Z",
            "revision_history": [
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-05T22:27:52.669141Z",
                    "number": "1",
                    "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-05T22:27:55.412873Z",
                    "number": "2",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-05T22:39:00.993768Z",
                    "number": "3",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-05T22:39:03.053931Z",
                    "number": "4",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-05T23:24:55.293156Z",
                    "number": "5",
                    "summary": "CVSS updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-06T00:21:04.671818Z",
                    "number": "6",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-06T00:21:06.490190Z",
                    "number": "7",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-06T14:53:17.169484Z",
                    "number": "8",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-06T14:53:23.481497Z",
                    "number": "9",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-09T21:25:20.242673Z",
                    "number": "10",
                    "summary": "Products connected (1).| Product Identifiers created (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-09T21:25:26.474568Z",
                    "number": "11",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T13:38:56.067787Z",
                    "number": "12",
                    "summary": "Unknown change."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-20T09:37:39.375254Z",
                    "number": "13",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-20T09:37:42.467144Z",
                    "number": "14",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                }
            ],
            "status": "interim",
            "version": "14"
        }
    },
    "product_tree": {
        "branches": [
            {
                "branches": [
                    {
                        "branches": [
                            {
                                "category": "product_version_range",
                                "name": "vers:unknown/<2026.2.15",
                                "product": {
                                    "name": "vers:unknown/<2026.2.15",
                                    "product_id": "CSAFPID-5763939"
                                }
                            }
                        ],
                        "category": "product_name",
                        "name": "OpenClaw"
                    }
                ],
                "category": "vendor",
                "name": "OpenClaw"
            },
            {
                "branches": [
                    {
                        "branches": [
                            {
                                "category": "product_version_range",
                                "name": "vers:unknown/<2026.2.15",
                                "product": {
                                    "name": "vers:unknown/<2026.2.15",
                                    "product_id": "CSAFPID-5642549",
                                    "product_identification_helper": {
                                        "cpe": "cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:-:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"
                                    }
                                }
                            },
                            {
                                "category": "product_version_range",
                                "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<2026.2.15",
                                "product": {
                                    "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<2026.2.15",
                                    "product_id": "CSAFPID-5633210"
                                }
                            }
                        ],
                        "category": "product_name",
                        "name": "openclaw"
                    }
                ],
                "category": "vendor",
                "name": "openclaw"
            }
        ]
    },
    "vulnerabilities": [
        {
            "cve": "CVE-2026-28394",
            "cwe": {
                "id": "CWE-770",
                "name": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling"
            },
            "notes": [
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.15 contain a denial of service vulnerability in the web_fetch tool that allows attackers to crash the Gateway process through memory exhaustion by parsing oversized or deeply nested HTML responses. Remote attackers can social-engineer users into fetching malicious URLs with pathological HTML structures to exhaust server memory and cause service unavailability.",
                    "title": "nvd - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28394"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.15 contain a denial of service vulnerability in the web_fetch tool that allows attackers to crash the Gateway process through memory exhaustion by parsing oversized or deeply nested HTML responses. Remote attackers can social-engineer users into fetching malicious URLs with pathological HTML structures to exhaust server memory and cause service unavailability.",
                    "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-28394"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "### Summary\nThe `web_fetch` tool could be used to crash the OpenClaw Gateway process (OOM / resource exhaustion) by fetching and attempting to parse attacker-controlled web pages with oversized response bodies or pathological HTML nesting.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected versions: `<= 2026.2.14`\n- Fixed versions: `>= 2026.2.15`\n\n### Impact\nAn attacker can social-engineer a user (or any automation that uses `web_fetch`) into fetching a malicious URL that returns extremely large or deeply nested HTML. The Gateway may exhaust memory or become unresponsive, causing a denial of service.\n\n### Fix\nThe Gateway now caps the downloaded response body size before any HTML parsing and adds additional guards to avoid running Readability/DOM parsing on pathological HTML.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- 166cf6a3e04c7df42bea70a7ad5ce2b9df46d147\n\n### Release Process Note\nThis advisory is prepared for the next npm release. Once `openclaw@2026.2.15` is published, publish this advisory without further edits.\n\nThanks @xuemian168 for reporting.",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/npm%2FGHSA-p536-vvpp-9mc8.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "0.00207",
                    "title": "EPSS"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
                    "title": "CVSSV4"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "6.9",
                    "title": "CVSSV4 base score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "4.7",
                    "title": "NCSC Score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "There is product data available from source Nvd",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top increasing factors"
                }
            ],
            "product_status": {
                "known_affected": [
                    "CSAFPID-5763939",
                    "CSAFPID-5633210",
                    "CSAFPID-5642549"
                ]
            },
            "references": [
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - nvd",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28394"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - nvd",
                    "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-28394"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-28394"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/28xxx/CVE-2026-28394.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/npm%2FGHSA-p536-vvpp-9mc8.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-28394"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; nvd; osv",
                    "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/166cf6a3e04c7df42bea70a7ad5ce2b9df46d147"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; nvd; osv",
                    "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-p536-vvpp-9mc8"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; nvd",
                    "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-denial-of-service-via-unbounded-response-parsing-in-web-fetch-tool"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - osv",
                    "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.15"
                }
            ],
            "scores": [
                {
                    "cvss_v3": {
                        "version": "3.1",
                        "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
                        "baseScore": 6.5,
                        "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM"
                    },
                    "products": [
                        "CSAFPID-5633210",
                        "CSAFPID-5642549",
                        "CSAFPID-5763939"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "title": "CVE-2026-28394"
        }
    ]
}