{ "document": { "category": "csaf_base", "csaf_version": "2.0", "distribution": { "tlp": { "label": "WHITE" } }, "lang": "en", "notes": [ { "category": "legal_disclaimer", "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings." } ], "publisher": { "category": "coordinator", "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl", "name": "National Cyber Security Centre", "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/" }, "title": "CVE-2026-28458", "tracking": { "current_release_date": "2026-03-23T03:18:36.187289Z", "generator": { "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z", "engine": { "name": "V.E.L.M.A", "version": "1.7" } }, "id": "CVE-2026-28458", "initial_release_date": "2026-03-05T22:28:17.950122Z", "revision_history": [ { "date": "2026-03-05T22:28:17.950122Z", "number": "1", "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-05T22:28:20.306187Z", "number": "2", "summary": "NCSC Score created." }, { "date": "2026-03-05T22:39:06.709153Z", "number": "3", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-05T22:39:08.129246Z", "number": "4", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T00:21:09.166932Z", "number": "5", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| Products created (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T00:21:11.501020Z", "number": "6", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T06:20:52.322595Z", "number": "7", "summary": "CVSS created.| References created (2)." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T06:21:07.179550Z", "number": "8", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T07:35:08.555073Z", "number": "9", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T08:05:40.708687Z", "number": "10", "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| Products connected (1).| References created (69)." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T08:05:43.079701Z", "number": "11", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T14:53:05.701464Z", "number": "12", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T14:53:07.712515Z", "number": "13", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T17:25:31.712769Z", "number": "14", "summary": "CVSS updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T17:25:36.909605Z", "number": "15", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T17:39:05.545942Z", "number": "16", "summary": "CVSS updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-09T17:38:52.295129Z", "number": "17", "summary": "Unknown change." }, { "date": "2026-03-09T18:27:32.280029Z", "number": "18", "summary": "Products connected (1).| Product Identifiers created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-09T18:27:35.308003Z", "number": "19", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-20T09:37:12.461635Z", "number": "20", "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." } ], "status": "interim", "version": "20" } }, "product_tree": { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<2026.2.14", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<2026.2.14", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5628215" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "OpenClaw" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "Open Source" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/2026.1.20|<2026.2.1", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/2026.1.20|<2026.2.1", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5763958" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "OpenClaw" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "OpenClaw" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<=0.1.0", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<=0.1.0", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5764097" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "moltbot" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/>=2026.1.20|<2026.2.1", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/>=2026.1.20|<2026.2.1", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5764095", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "openclaw" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "openclaw" } ] }, "vulnerabilities": [ { "cve": "CVE-2026-28458", "cwe": { "id": "CWE-306", "name": "Missing Authentication for Critical Function" }, "notes": [ { "category": "description", "text": "OpenClaw version 2026.1.20 prior to 2026.2.1 contains a vulnerability in the Browser Relay (extension must be installed and enabled) /cdp WebSocket endpoint in which it does not require authentication tokens, allowing websites to connect via loopback and access sensitive data. Attackers can exploit this by connecting to ws://127.0.0.1:18792/cdp to steal session cookies and execute JavaScript in other browser tabs.", "title": "nvd - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "description", "text": "OpenClaw version 2026.1.20 prior to 2026.2.1 contains a vulnerability in the Browser Relay (extension must be installed and enabled) /cdp WebSocket endpoint in which it does not require authentication tokens, allowing websites to connect via loopback and access sensitive data. Attackers can exploit this by connecting to ws://127.0.0.1:18792/cdp to steal session cookies and execute JavaScript in other browser tabs.", "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "description", "text": "### Summary\nIn affected versions, the Browser Relay `/cdp` WebSocket endpoint did not require an authentication token. As a result, a website running in the browser could potentially connect to the local relay (via loopback WebSocket) and use CDP to access cookies from other open tabs and run JavaScript in the context of other tabs.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- npm: `openclaw` `>= 2026.1.20, < 2026.2.1`\n- npm: `moltbot` `<= 0.1.0`\n\n### Details\nThe Chrome extension Browser Relay service exposes a local WebSocket endpoint at `ws://127.0.0.1:18792/cdp` (default port) for forwarding Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) messages.\n\nIn affected versions, the `/cdp` upgrade path verified the TCP peer was loopback but did not require a shared secret and did not block browser-initiated cross-origin requests.\n\n### Impact\n- Potential disclosure of sensitive information (for example, session cookies from other open tabs)\n- Potential JavaScript execution in the context of other open tabs\n\nUsers must have the Browser Relay extension installed and active, and must visit an untrusted site.\n\n### Fix\n`openclaw` now requires a per-instance shared secret header for Browser Relay access:\n- HTTP header: `x-openclaw-relay-token`\n\nIt also rejects `/cdp` WebSocket upgrades when the Origin header is present but is not `chrome-extension://...`, and refuses `/cdp` connections unless the extension is connected.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `a1e89afcc19efd641c02b24d66d689f181ae2b5c`\n\n### Releases\n- `openclaw@2026.2.1` includes the fix.\n- Latest published `openclaw` at time of writing: `2026.2.13`.\n\n### Mitigation\n- Update to `openclaw@>= 2026.2.1`.\n- If you cannot update immediately, disable the Browser Relay extension / relay server and avoid visiting untrusted sites.\n\nThanks @johnatzeropath, @LeftenantZero, and @yueyueL for reporting.", "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/npm%2FGHSA-mr32-vwc2-5j6h.json?alt=media" }, { "category": "other", "text": "0.00055", "title": "EPSS" }, { "category": "other", "text": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X", "title": "CVSSV4" }, { "category": "other", "text": "7.4", "title": "CVSSV4 base score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "5.8", "title": "NCSC Score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "There is product data available from source Certbundde", "title": "NCSC Score top increasing factors" } ], "product_status": { "known_affected": [ "CSAFPID-5763958", "CSAFPID-5764095", "CSAFPID-5764097", "CSAFPID-5628215" ] }, "references": [ { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - nvd", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - nvd", "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/28xxx/CVE-2026-28458.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - osv", "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/npm%2FGHSA-mr32-vwc2-5j6h.json?alt=media" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - certbundde", "url": "https://wid.cert-bund.de/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/wid-sec-w-2026-0424.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; nvd; osv", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/a1e89afcc19efd641c02b24d66d689f181ae2b5c" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde; cveprojectv5; nvd; osv", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mr32-vwc2-5j6h" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; nvd; osv", "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-missing-authentication-in-browser-relay-cdp-websocket-endpoint" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - osv", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.1" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - osv", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28458" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://wid.cert-bund.de/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/wid-sec-w-2026-0424.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://wid.cert-bund.de/portal/wid/securityadvisory?name=WID-SEC-2026-0424" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-3fqr-4cg8-h96q" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-3hcm-ggvf-rch5" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-3m3q-x3gj-f79x" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-4564-pvr2-qq4h" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-47q7-97xp-m272" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-4hg8-92x6-h2f3" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-56f2-hvwg-5743" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-5xfq-5mr7-426q" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-64qx-vpxx-mvqf" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-782p-5fr5-7fj8" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-7q2j-c4q5-rm27" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-7rcp-mxpq-72pj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-7vwx-582j-j332" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-7xhj-55q9-pc3m" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-8mh7-phf8-xgfm" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-943q-mwmv-hhvh" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-c37p-4qqg-3p76" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-chm2-m3w2-wcxm" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-cv7m-c9jx-vg7q" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-fhvm-j76f-qmjv" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-g27f-9qjv-22pm" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-g34w-4xqq-h79m" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-g6q9-8fvw-f7rf" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-gq9c-wg68-gwj2" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-gv46-4xfq-jv58" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-h3f9-mjwj-w476" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-h89v-j3x9-8wqj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-h9g4-589h-68xv" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-hv93-r4j3-q65f" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-j27p-hq53-9wgc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-jfv4-h8mc-jcp8" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-jmm5-fvh5-gf4p" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-jqpq-mgvm-f9r6" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-jrvc-8ff5-2f9f" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-m7x8-2w3w-pr42" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mj5r-hh7j-4gxf" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mp5h-m6qj-6292" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mqpw-46fh-299h" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mv9j-6xhh-g383" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-p25h-9q54-ffvw" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-pchc-86f6-8758" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-pg2v-8xwh-qhcc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-pv58-549p-qh99" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-q447-rj3r-2cgh" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-qj77-c3c8-9c3q" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-qpjj-47vm-64pj" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-qrq5-wjgg-rvqw" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-r5h9-vjqc-hq3r" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-rmxw-jxxx-4cpc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-rq6g-px6m-c248" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-rv39-79c4-7459" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-rwj8-p9vq-25gv" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-v6c6-vqqg-w888" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-v773-r54f-q32w" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-v892-hwpg-jwqp" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-w2cg-vxx6-5xjg" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-w5c7-9qqw-6645" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-wfp2-v9c7-fh79" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-x22m-j5qq-j49m" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-xc7w-v5x6-cc87" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-xvhf-x56f-2hpp" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-xw4p-pw82-hqr7" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - certbundde", "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-xwjm-j929-xq7c" } ], "scores": [ { "cvss_v3": { "version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N", "baseScore": 8.1, "baseSeverity": "HIGH" }, "products": [ "CSAFPID-5628215", "CSAFPID-5763958", "CSAFPID-5764095", "CSAFPID-5764097" ] } ], "title": "CVE-2026-28458" } ] }