{ "document": { "category": "csaf_base", "csaf_version": "2.0", "distribution": { "tlp": { "label": "WHITE" } }, "lang": "en", "notes": [ { "category": "legal_disclaimer", "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings." } ], "publisher": { "category": "coordinator", "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl", "name": "National Cyber Security Centre", "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/" }, "title": "CVE-2026-28788", "tracking": { "current_release_date": "2026-04-01T18:27:42.188967Z", "generator": { "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z", "engine": { "name": "V.E.L.M.A", "version": "1.7" } }, "id": "CVE-2026-28788", "initial_release_date": "2026-03-27T00:25:06.213968Z", "revision_history": [ { "date": "2026-03-27T00:25:06.213968Z", "number": "1", "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T00:25:10.279774Z", "number": "2", "summary": "NCSC Score created." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T00:38:36.117408Z", "number": "3", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T00:38:49.411783Z", "number": "4", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T07:36:00.895830Z", "number": "5", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T21:04:16.436744Z", "number": "6", "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T21:04:22.397885Z", "number": "7", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-27T21:26:24.440957Z", "number": "8", "summary": "Unknown change." }, { "date": "2026-03-28T07:41:34.139285Z", "number": "9", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (4).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-04-01T07:40:35.597958Z", "number": "10", "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| Products connected (1)." }, { "date": "2026-04-01T07:40:38.110782Z", "number": "11", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-04-01T18:27:35.218753Z", "number": "12", "summary": "Products connected (1).| Product Identifiers created (1).| Exploits created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-04-01T18:27:37.334404Z", "number": "13", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." } ], "status": "interim", "version": "13" } }, "product_tree": { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<0.8.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<0.8.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5920657" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "open-webui" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "open-webui" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<0.8.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<0.8.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5970944" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "open-webui" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "unknown" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<0.8.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<0.8.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5965493", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:2.3:a:openwebui:open_webui:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "open_webui" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "openwebui" } ] }, "vulnerabilities": [ { "cve": "CVE-2026-28788", "cwe": { "id": "CWE-639", "name": "Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key" }, "notes": [ { "category": "description", "text": "Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to version 0.8.6, any authenticated user can overwrite any file's content by ID through the `POST /api/v1/retrieval/process/files/batch` endpoint. The endpoint performs no ownership check, so a regular user with read access to a shared knowledge base can obtain file UUIDs via `GET /api/v1/knowledge/{id}/files` and then overwrite those files, escalating from read to write. The overwritten content is served to the LLM via RAG, meaning the attacker controls what the model tells other users. Version 0.8.6 patches the issue.", "title": "nvd - https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-28788" }, { "category": "description", "text": "Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to version 0.8.6, any authenticated user can overwrite any file's content by ID through the `POST /api/v1/retrieval/process/files/batch` endpoint. The endpoint performs no ownership check, so a regular user with read access to a shared knowledge base can obtain file UUIDs via `GET /api/v1/knowledge/{id}/files` and then overwrite those files, escalating from read to write. The overwritten content is served to the LLM via RAG, meaning the attacker controls what the model tells other users. Version 0.8.6 patches the issue.", "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/28xxx/CVE-2026-28788.json" }, { "category": "description", "text": "### Summary\n\nAny authenticated user can overwrite any file's content by ID through the `POST /api/v1/retrieval/process/files/batch` endpoint. The endpoint performs no ownership check, so a regular user with read access to a shared knowledge base can obtain file UUIDs via `GET /api/v1/knowledge/{id}/files` and then overwrite those files, escalating from read to write. The overwritten content is served to the LLM via RAG, meaning the attacker controls what the model tells other users.\n\n### Details\n\nThe `process_files_batch()` function in `backend/open_webui/routers/retrieval.py` appears to be designed as an internal helper. The knowledge base router (`add_files_to_knowledge_batch()` in `knowledge.py`) imports and calls it directly after performing its own ownership and access control checks. The frontend never calls the retrieval route directly; all legitimate UI flows go through the knowledge base wrapper.\n\nHowever, the function is also exposed as a standalone HTTP endpoint via `@router.post(...)`. This direct route only requires `get_verified_user` (any authenticated user) and performs no ownership check of its own:\n\n```python\nfor file in form_data.files:\n text_content = file.data.get(\"content\", \"\") # attacker-controlled\n\n file_updates.append(FileUpdateForm(\n hash=calculate_sha256_string(text_content),\n data={\"content\": text_content}, # written to DB\n ))\n\nfor file_update, file_result in zip(file_updates, file_results):\n Files.update_file_by_id(id=file_result.file_id, form_data=file_update)\n # ^^^ no ownership check\n```\n\nThere is no verification that `file.user_id == user.id` before the write. Any authenticated user who knows a file UUID can overwrite that file.\n\n**How an attacker obtains file UUIDs:**\n\nSame as with read access, any user who can see a knowledge base can retrieve file IDs for every document in it via `GET /api/v1/knowledge/{id}/files`. In deployments where knowledge bases are shared across teams, this gives any regular user a list of valid targets.\n\n**Suggested fix:** Add an ownership check before writing:\n\n```python\nfor file in form_data.files:\n db_file = Files.get_file_by_id(file.id)\n if not db_file or (db_file.user_id != user.id and user.role != \"admin\"):\n file_errors.append(BatchProcessFilesResult(\n file_id=file.id, status=\"failed\",\n error=\"Permission denied: not file owner\",\n ))\n continue\n```\n\n**Classification:**\n- CWE-639: Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key\n- OWASP API1:2023: Broken Object Level Authorization\n\nTested on Open WebUI **0.8.3** using a default Docker configuration.\n\n### PoC\n\n**Prerequisites:**\n- Default Open WebUI installation (Docker: `ghcr.io/open-webui/open-webui:main`)\n- An admin or user creates a knowledge base with shared read access and uploads a file\n- A regular user account exists (the attacker)\n\n**Obtaining the file UUID (attacker):**\n\n```\nGET /api/v1/knowledge/{kb_id}/files\n```\n\nThis returns metadata for all files in the KB, including their UUIDs.\n\n**Exploit (attacker):**\n\n```bash\npython3 poc_exploit.py --url http://:3000 --file-id -t \n```\n\nThe PoC script: [poc_exploit.py](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/25470374/poc_exploit.py)\n1. Authenticates as the attacker\n2. Overwrites the target file via `POST /api/v1/retrieval/process/files/batch` with a canary payload containing a unique marker string\n3. Reads the file back and confirms the attacker's content replaced the original\n\n**Verifying RAG poisoning:**\n\nAfter the overwrite, log in as any other user, start a chat with the poisoned knowledge base attached, and ask about the document. The model's response will include the attacker's canary string (`BOLA-`), confirming that attacker-controlled content reached the LLM and influenced the response.\n\nNo special tooling is required. The script uses only Python 3 standard library (`urllib`).\n\n### Impact\n\n**Who is affected:** Any multi-user Open WebUI deployment where knowledge bases are shared. The attacker needs a valid account (any role) and a target file UUID, which is available through any knowledge base they have read access to.\n\n**What can happen:**\n- **RAG poisoning:** The overwritten content is served to the LLM via RAG. The attacker controls what the model tells every user who queries that knowledge base. This includes the ability to inject instructions the model will follow, which could lead to further exploitation depending on what tools and capabilities are available in the deployment (e.g. code interpreter, function calling).\n- **Silent data corruption:** The original file content is permanently replaced with no indication to the file owner or other users that it has changed.\n- **No audit trail:** Nothing records that an unauthorized user modified the file.\n\nThe core issue is that a function designed as an internal helper is exposed as a public endpoint without its own authorization checks. A user with read-only access to a knowledge base can escalate to write access over any file in it.\n\n### Disclaimer on the use of AI powered tools\n\nThe research and reporting related to this vulnerability was aided by the help of AI tools.", "title": "github - https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-jjp7-g2jw-wh3j" }, { "category": "description", "text": "Affected versions of the open-webui package are vulnerable to Improper Authorization due to a missing ownership check on file updates. The process_files_batch() function exposed through POST /api/v1/retrieval/process/files/batch updates files by ID with Files.update_file_by_id(...) without verifying that the authenticated user owns the target file, and a user can obtain valid file UUIDs through GET /api/v1/knowledge/{id}/files when they have read access to a shared knowledge base.", "title": "pyupio - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyupio/safety-db/refs/heads/master/data/insecure_full.json" }, { "category": "other", "text": "0.00036", "title": "EPSS" }, { "category": "other", "text": "3.3", "title": "NCSC Score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "Is related to (a version of) an uncommon product, There is exploit data available from source Nvd, Is related to a product by vendor Unknown", "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors" } ], "product_status": { "known_affected": [ "CSAFPID-5920657", "CSAFPID-5970944", "CSAFPID-5965493" ] }, "references": [ { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - nvd", "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-28788" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/28xxx/CVE-2026-28788.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - github", "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-jjp7-g2jw-wh3j" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - pyupio", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyupio/safety-db/refs/heads/master/data/insecure_full.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd", "url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security/advisories/GHSA-jjp7-g2jw-wh3j" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28788" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github", "url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/releases/tag/v0.8.6" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github", "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-jjp7-g2jw-wh3j" } ], "scores": [ { "cvss_v3": { "version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L", "baseScore": 7.1, "baseSeverity": "HIGH" }, "products": [ "CSAFPID-5920657", "CSAFPID-5965493", "CSAFPID-5970944" ] } ], "title": "CVE-2026-28788" } ] }