{ "document": { "category": "csaf_base", "csaf_version": "2.0", "distribution": { "tlp": { "label": "WHITE" } }, "lang": "en", "notes": [ { "category": "legal_disclaimer", "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings." } ], "publisher": { "category": "coordinator", "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl", "name": "National Cyber Security Centre", "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/" }, "title": "CVE-2026-28794", "tracking": { "current_release_date": "2026-04-01T18:48:05.265078Z", "generator": { "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z", "engine": { "name": "V.E.L.M.A", "version": "1.7" } }, "id": "CVE-2026-28794", "initial_release_date": "2026-03-04T02:39:44.165795Z", "revision_history": [ { "date": "2026-03-04T02:39:44.165795Z", "number": "1", "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-04T02:39:47.685632Z", "number": "2", "summary": "NCSC Score created." }, { "date": "2026-03-04T18:21:07.415615Z", "number": "3", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| References created (2).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-04T18:21:16.227438Z", "number": "4", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T05:25:38.897932Z", "number": "5", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (2).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T05:25:41.194106Z", "number": "6", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T05:39:00.851241Z", "number": "7", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| References created (2).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T05:39:04.624870Z", "number": "8", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T14:52:33.782885Z", "number": "9", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T14:52:35.913707Z", "number": "10", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T16:00:50.227493Z", "number": "11", "summary": "References created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-06T18:20:51.593163Z", "number": "12", "summary": "References created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-09T20:39:18.120416Z", "number": "13", "summary": "Unknown change." }, { "date": "2026-03-09T20:39:21.103736Z", "number": "14", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-10T21:25:55.911892Z", "number": "15", "summary": "CVSS created.| Products created (1).| Product Identifiers created (1).| Exploits created (1)." }, { "date": "2026-03-10T21:25:58.106066Z", "number": "16", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-11T14:56:20.339836Z", "number": "17", "summary": "EPSS updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-11T14:56:23.996720Z", "number": "18", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-12T14:59:25.952556Z", "number": "19", "summary": "EPSS updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-12T14:59:31.546648Z", "number": "20", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-13T02:17:56.504802Z", "number": "21", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-03-20T09:36:02.670413Z", "number": "22", "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created." }, { "date": "2026-03-20T09:36:07.638099Z", "number": "23", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." }, { "date": "2026-04-01T18:47:59.530181Z", "number": "24", "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (2).| References created (5).| CWES updated (1)." }, { "date": "2026-04-01T18:48:01.778361Z", "number": "25", "summary": "NCSC Score updated." } ], "status": "interim", "version": "25" } }, "product_tree": { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<1.13.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<1.13.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5759003" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "@orpc/client" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/1.13.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/1.13.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5982419" } }, { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<1.13.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<1.13.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5982420" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "npm/@orpc/client" }, { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<1.13.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<1.13.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5765419" } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "orpc" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "middleapi" }, { "branches": [ { "branches": [ { "category": "product_version_range", "name": "vers:unknown/<1.13.6", "product": { "name": "vers:unknown/<1.13.6", "product_id": "CSAFPID-5778679", "product_identification_helper": { "cpe": "cpe:2.3:a:orpc:orpc:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*" } } } ], "category": "product_name", "name": "orpc" } ], "category": "vendor", "name": "orpc" } ] }, "vulnerabilities": [ { "cve": "CVE-2026-28794", "cwe": { "id": "CWE-1321", "name": "Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')" }, "notes": [ { "category": "description", "text": "### Summary\nA critical Prototype Pollution vulnerability exists in the RPC JSON deserializer of the `@orpc/client` package. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to inject arbitrary properties into the global `Object.prototype`. Because this pollution persists for the lifetime of the Node.js process and affects all objects, it can lead to severe security breaches, including authentication bypass, denial of service, and potentially Remote Code Execution.\n\n### Vulnerability Details\nThe root cause lies in the `deserialize()` method of `StandardRPCJsonSerializer`. When processing attacker-controlled path segments from the `meta` and `maps` arrays, the deserializer fails to implement validation or sanitization for dangerous JavaScript object keys, specifically `__proto__` and `constructor`:\n\nhttps://github.com/middleapi/orpc/blob/819ed2e0897b18a5d6a4ca85ba68568f055004a1/packages/client/src/adapters/standard/rpc-json-serializer.ts#L137-L213\n\nThere are two primary distinct write vectors available to an attacker:\n\n1. The `meta` vector: Writes type-constrained values (e.g., `Map`, `Set`, `Date`) to arbitrary object paths.\n2. The `maps` vector: Allows the injection of arbitrary string values. This occurs because the return value of `getBlob(i)` (which relies on `FormData.get(i.toString())`) is cast `as Blob`. Since this is strictly a TypeScript compile-time cast, the runtime execution allows standard text fields to return as arbitrary strings.\n\nCrucially, this deserialization process occurs at the very beginning of the request lifecycle before any Zod schema validation takes place. Consequently, a malicious payload will successfully pollute the prototype even if the request is subsequently rejected by the validation layer.\n\nThis issue impacts all server adapters utilizing the RPC protocol.\n\n### Proof of Concept\nTo reproduce the vulnerability, set up the [playgrounds/astro](https://github.com/middleapi/orpc/tree/main/playgrounds/astro) environment and start the development server using `pnpm dev`. \n\nRun the following `curl` command to send a crafted payload:\n\n```bash\ncurl -X POST http://localhost:4321/rpc/planet/create \\\n -F 'data={\"json\":{},\"meta\":[],\"maps\":[[\"__proto__\",\"role\"]]}' \\\n -F '0=admin'\n```\n\nResult: The deserializer evaluates `maps`, follows the `__proto__` path, and maps index `0` to the string `\"admin\"`. This immediately applies `Object.prototype.role = \"admin\"` across the entire Node.js server instance. \n\n### Impact\nServers relying on `StandardRPCJsonSerializer` for deserialization are immediately susceptible to global prototype pollution. The potential impacts including:\n\n- Privilege Escalation / Authorization Bypass: Attackers can bypass flawed security checks. For example, if the server relies on a defaulted property check like `if (user.role === \"admin\")`, the application will evaluate this as `true` for all users globally.\n- Remote Code Execution: If the application or its dependencies contain susceptible prototype pollution gadgets (e.g., dynamically executing shell commands or scripts based on object properties), this vulnerability can be leveraged into full RCE.\n- Denial of Service: Attackers can overwrite built-in methods (e.g., `toString`) or set objects into unexpected states, causing the application to crash or throw unhandled exceptions globally.", "title": "github - https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc" }, { "category": "description", "text": "### Summary\nA critical Prototype Pollution vulnerability exists in the RPC JSON deserializer of the `@orpc/client` package. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to inject arbitrary properties into the global `Object.prototype`. Because this pollution persists for the lifetime of the Node.js process and affects all objects, it can lead to severe security breaches, including authentication bypass, denial of service, and potentially Remote Code Execution.\n\n### Vulnerability Details\nThe root cause lies in the `deserialize()` method of `StandardRPCJsonSerializer`. When processing attacker-controlled path segments from the `meta` and `maps` arrays, the deserializer fails to implement validation or sanitization for dangerous JavaScript object keys, specifically `__proto__` and `constructor`:\n\nhttps://github.com/middleapi/orpc/blob/819ed2e0897b18a5d6a4ca85ba68568f055004a1/packages/client/src/adapters/standard/rpc-json-serializer.ts#L137-L213\n\nThere are two primary distinct write vectors available to an attacker:\n\n1. The `meta` vector: Writes type-constrained values (e.g., `Map`, `Set`, `Date`) to arbitrary object paths.\n2. The `maps` vector: Allows the injection of arbitrary string values. This occurs because the return value of `getBlob(i)` (which relies on `FormData.get(i.toString())`) is cast `as Blob`. Since this is strictly a TypeScript compile-time cast, the runtime execution allows standard text fields to return as arbitrary strings.\n\nCrucially, this deserialization process occurs at the very beginning of the request lifecycle before any Zod schema validation takes place. Consequently, a malicious payload will successfully pollute the prototype even if the request is subsequently rejected by the validation layer.\n\nThis issue impacts all server adapters utilizing the RPC protocol.\n\n### Proof of Concept\nTo reproduce the vulnerability, set up the [playgrounds/astro](https://github.com/middleapi/orpc/tree/main/playgrounds/astro) environment and start the development server using `pnpm dev`. \n\nRun the following `curl` command to send a crafted payload:\n\n```bash\ncurl -X POST http://localhost:4321/rpc/planet/create \\\n -F 'data={\"json\":{},\"meta\":[],\"maps\":[[\"__proto__\",\"role\"]]}' \\\n -F '0=admin'\n```\n\nResult: The deserializer evaluates `maps`, follows the `__proto__` path, and maps index `0` to the string `\"admin\"`. This immediately applies `Object.prototype.role = \"admin\"` across the entire Node.js server instance. \n\n### Impact\nServers relying on `StandardRPCJsonSerializer` for deserialization are immediately susceptible to global prototype pollution. The potential impacts including:\n\n- Privilege Escalation / Authorization Bypass: Attackers can bypass flawed security checks. For example, if the server relies on a defaulted property check like `if (user.role === \"admin\")`, the application will evaluate this as `true` for all users globally.\n- Remote Code Execution: If the application or its dependencies contain susceptible prototype pollution gadgets (e.g., dynamically executing shell commands or scripts based on object properties), this vulnerability can be leveraged into full RCE.\n- Denial of Service: Attackers can overwrite built-in methods (e.g., `toString`) or set objects into unexpected states, causing the application to crash or throw unhandled exceptions globally.", "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/npm%2FGHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc.json?alt=media" }, { "category": "description", "text": "oRPC is an tool that helps build APIs that are end-to-end type-safe and adhere to OpenAPI standards. Prior to version 1.13.6, a prototype pollution vulnerability exists in the RPC JSON deserializer of the @orpc/client package. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to inject arbitrary properties into the global Object.prototype. Because this pollution persists for the lifetime of the Node.js process and affects all objects, it can lead to severe security breaches, including authentication bypass, denial of service, and potentially Remote Code Execution. This issue has been patched in version 1.13.6.", "title": "nvd - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "description", "text": "oRPC is an tool that helps build APIs that are end-to-end type-safe and adhere to OpenAPI standards. Prior to version 1.13.6, a prototype pollution vulnerability exists in the RPC JSON deserializer of the @orpc/client package. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to inject arbitrary properties into the global Object.prototype. Because this pollution persists for the lifetime of the Node.js process and affects all objects, it can lead to severe security breaches, including authentication bypass, denial of service, and potentially Remote Code Execution. This issue has been patched in version 1.13.6.", "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "description", "text": "A critical Prototype Pollution vulnerability exists in the RPC JSON deserializer of the `@orpc/client` package. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to inject arbitrary properties into the global `Object.prototype`. Because this pollution persists for the lifetime of the Node.js process and affects all objects, it can lead to severe security breaches, including authentication bypass, denial of service, and potentially Remote Code Execution.", "title": "gitlab - https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/25847700/repository/files/npm%2F@orpc%2Fclient%2FCVE-2026-28794.yml/raw" }, { "category": "other", "text": "0.00765", "title": "EPSS" }, { "category": "other", "text": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N", "title": "CVSSV4" }, { "category": "other", "text": "9.3", "title": "CVSSV4 base score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "4.1", "title": "NCSC Score" }, { "category": "other", "text": "There is product data available from a private source, There is cvss data available from a private source", "title": "NCSC Score top increasing factors" }, { "category": "other", "text": "There is exploit data available from source Nvd, Is related to CWE-1321 (Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')), The value of the most recent CVSS (V3) score, Exploit code publicly available", "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors" } ], "product_status": { "fixed": [ "CSAFPID-5982419" ], "known_affected": [ "CSAFPID-5759003", "CSAFPID-5765419", "CSAFPID-5778679", "CSAFPID-5982420" ] }, "references": [ { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - github", "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - github", "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - osv", "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/npm%2FGHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc.json?alt=media" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - nvd", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - nvd", "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - cveprojectv5", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/28xxx/CVE-2026-28794.json" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source raw - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - first", "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Source - gitlab", "url": "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/25847700/repository/files/npm%2F@orpc%2Fclient%2FCVE-2026-28794.yml/raw" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; gitlab; nvd; osv", "url": "https://github.com/middleapi/orpc/security/advisories/GHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; gitlab; nvd; osv", "url": "https://github.com/middleapi/orpc/commit/1dba06fc6f938c2486de303c2fa096bc1c8418b5" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github; gitlab", "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-m272-9rp6-32mc" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - github; gitlab; osv", "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28794" }, { "category": "external", "summary": "Reference - gitlab", "url": "https://github.com/middleapi/orpc" } ], "scores": [ { "cvss_v3": { "version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 10.0, "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL" }, "products": [ "CSAFPID-5759003", "CSAFPID-5765419", "CSAFPID-5778679", "CSAFPID-5982420" ] } ], "title": "CVE-2026-28794" } ] }