{
    "document": {
        "category": "csaf_base",
        "csaf_version": "2.0",
        "distribution": {
            "tlp": {
                "label": "WHITE"
            }
        },
        "lang": "en",
        "notes": [
            {
                "category": "legal_disclaimer",
                "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings."
            }
        ],
        "publisher": {
            "category": "coordinator",
            "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl",
            "name": "National Cyber Security Centre",
            "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/"
        },
        "title": "CVE-2026-33505",
        "tracking": {
            "current_release_date": "2026-03-30T15:40:01.404512Z",
            "generator": {
                "date": "2026-02-17T15:00:00Z",
                "engine": {
                    "name": "V.E.L.M.A",
                    "version": "1.7"
                }
            },
            "id": "CVE-2026-33505",
            "initial_release_date": "2026-03-20T21:40:59.527006Z",
            "revision_history": [
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-20T21:40:59.527006Z",
                    "number": "1",
                    "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (2).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-20T21:41:03.310024Z",
                    "number": "2",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:13:06.300497Z",
                    "number": "3",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:13:08.878465Z",
                    "number": "4",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-25T18:13:38.819420Z",
                    "number": "5",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| References created (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-26T19:29:14.515431Z",
                    "number": "6",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-26T19:39:09.029989Z",
                    "number": "7",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products created (1).| References created (1).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-26T19:39:16.788695Z",
                    "number": "8",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-27T20:56:51.778145Z",
                    "number": "9",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-27T20:57:04.665813Z",
                    "number": "10",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:58:04.335639Z",
                    "number": "11",
                    "summary": "References created (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:27:33.835949Z",
                    "number": "12",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-30T15:39:50.630309Z",
                    "number": "13",
                    "summary": "Unknown change."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-30T15:39:57.490164Z",
                    "number": "14",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
                }
            ],
            "status": "interim",
            "version": "14"
        }
    },
    "product_tree": {
        "branches": [
            {
                "branches": [
                    {
                        "branches": [
                            {
                                "category": "product_version_range",
                                "name": "vers:unknown/<26.2.0",
                                "product": {
                                    "name": "vers:unknown/<26.2.0",
                                    "product_id": "CSAFPID-5919041"
                                }
                            },
                            {
                                "category": "product_version_range",
                                "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<0.14.1-0.20260320140104-e4393662cd2e",
                                "product": {
                                    "name": "vers:unknown/>=0|<0.14.1-0.20260320140104-e4393662cd2e",
                                    "product_id": "CSAFPID-5907220"
                                }
                            }
                        ],
                        "category": "product_name",
                        "name": "keto"
                    }
                ],
                "category": "vendor",
                "name": "ory"
            }
        ]
    },
    "vulnerabilities": [
        {
            "cve": "CVE-2026-33505",
            "cwe": {
                "id": "CWE-89",
                "name": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')"
            },
            "notes": [
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Description\n\nThe **GetRelationships API** in Ory Keto is vulnerable to SQL injection due to flaws in its pagination implementation.\n\nPagination tokens are encrypted using the secret configured in `secrets.pagination`. An attacker who knows this secret can craft their own tokens, including malicious tokens that lead to SQL injection. If this configuration value is not set, Keto falls back to a hard-coded default pagination encryption secret. Because this default value is publicly known, attackers can generate valid and malicious pagination tokens manually for installations where this secret is not set.\n\n## Preconditions\n\nThis issue can be exploited when all of the following conditions are met:\n\n- **GetRelationships API** is directly or indirectly accessible to the attacker\n- The attacker can pass a raw pagination token to the affected API\n- The configuration value `secrets.pagination` is not set or known to the attacker\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker can execute arbitrary SQL queries through forged pagination tokens.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nAs a first line of defense, **immediately** configure a custom value for `secrets.pagination` by generating a cryptographically secure random secret, for example:\n\n```\nopenssl rand -base64 32\n```\n\nNext, upgrade **Keto** to a fixed version **as soon as possible**.",
                    "title": "github - https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-c38g-mx2c-9wf2"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Description\n\nThe **GetRelationships API** in Ory Keto is vulnerable to SQL injection due to flaws in its pagination implementation.\n\nPagination tokens are encrypted using the secret configured in `secrets.pagination`. An attacker who knows this secret can craft their own tokens, including malicious tokens that lead to SQL injection. If this configuration value is not set, Keto falls back to a hard-coded default pagination encryption secret. Because this default value is publicly known, attackers can generate valid and malicious pagination tokens manually for installations where this secret is not set.\n\n## Preconditions\n\nThis issue can be exploited when all of the following conditions are met:\n\n- **GetRelationships API** is directly or indirectly accessible to the attacker\n- The attacker can pass a raw pagination token to the affected API\n- The configuration value `secrets.pagination` is not set or known to the attacker\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker can execute arbitrary SQL queries through forged pagination tokens.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nAs a first line of defense, **immediately** configure a custom value for `secrets.pagination` by generating a cryptographically secure random secret, for example:\n\n```\nopenssl rand -base64 32\n```\n\nNext, upgrade **Keto** to a fixed version **as soon as possible**.",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGHSA-c38g-mx2c-9wf2.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Ory Keto has a SQL injection via forged pagination tokens in github.com/ory/keto",
                    "title": "osv - https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGO-2026-4800.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Ory Keto is am open source authorization server for managing permissions at scale. Prior to version 26.2.0, the GetRelationships API in Ory Keto is vulnerable to SQL injection due to flaws in its pagination implementation. Pagination tokens are encrypted using the secret configured in `secrets.pagination`. An attacker who knows this secret can craft their own tokens, including malicious tokens that lead to SQL injection. If this configuration value is not set, Keto falls back to a hard-coded default pagination encryption secret. Because this default value is publicly known, attackers can generate valid and malicious pagination tokens manually for installations where this secret is not set. This issue can be exploited when GetRelationships API is directly or indirectly accessible to the attacker, the attacker can pass a raw pagination token to the affected API, and the configuration value `secrets.pagination` is not set or known to the attacker. An attacker can execute arbitrary SQL queries through forged pagination tokens. As a first line of defense, immediately configure a custom value for `secrets.pagination` by generating a cryptographically secure random secret. Next, upgrade Keto to a fixed version, 26.2.0 or later, as soon as possible.",
                    "title": "nvd - https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-33505"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Ory Keto is am open source authorization server for managing permissions at scale. Prior to version 26.2.0, the GetRelationships API in Ory Keto is vulnerable to SQL injection due to flaws in its pagination implementation. Pagination tokens are encrypted using the secret configured in `secrets.pagination`. An attacker who knows this secret can craft their own tokens, including malicious tokens that lead to SQL injection. If this configuration value is not set, Keto falls back to a hard-coded default pagination encryption secret. Because this default value is publicly known, attackers can generate valid and malicious pagination tokens manually for installations where this secret is not set. This issue can be exploited when GetRelationships API is directly or indirectly accessible to the attacker, the attacker can pass a raw pagination token to the affected API, and the configuration value `secrets.pagination` is not set or known to the attacker. An attacker can execute arbitrary SQL queries through forged pagination tokens. As a first line of defense, immediately configure a custom value for `secrets.pagination` by generating a cryptographically secure random secret. Next, upgrade Keto to a fixed version, 26.2.0 or later, as soon as possible.",
                    "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33505.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "0.00015",
                    "title": "EPSS"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "3.7",
                    "title": "NCSC Score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "The value of the most recent EPSS score, There is cwe data available from source Nvd",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors"
                }
            ],
            "product_status": {
                "known_affected": [
                    "CSAFPID-5907220",
                    "CSAFPID-5919041"
                ]
            },
            "references": [
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - github",
                    "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-c38g-mx2c-9wf2"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGHSA-c38g-mx2c-9wf2.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - osv",
                    "url": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/osv-vulnerabilities/o/Go%2FGO-2026-4800.json?alt=media"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - nvd",
                    "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-33505"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33505.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; osv",
                    "url": "https://github.com/ory/keto/security/advisories/GHSA-c38g-mx2c-9wf2"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github",
                    "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-c38g-mx2c-9wf2"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33505"
                }
            ],
            "scores": [
                {
                    "cvss_v3": {
                        "version": "3.1",
                        "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                        "baseScore": 7.2,
                        "baseSeverity": "HIGH"
                    },
                    "products": [
                        "CSAFPID-5907220",
                        "CSAFPID-5919041"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "title": "CVE-2026-33505"
        }
    ]
}