{
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        "notes": [
            {
                "category": "legal_disclaimer",
                "text": "The Netherlands Cyber Security Center (henceforth: NCSC-NL) maintains this portal to enhance access to its information and vulnerabilities. The use of this information is subject to the following terms and conditions:\n\nThe vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are gathered by NCSC-NL from a variety of open sources, which the user can retrieve from other platforms. NCSC-NL makes every reasonable effort to ensure that the content of this portal is kept up to date, and that it is accurate and complete. Nevertheless, NCSC-NL cannot entirely rule out the possibility of errors, and therefore cannot give any warranty in respect of its completeness, accuracy or real-time keeping up-to-date. NCSC-NL does not control nor guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of information obtained from these external sources. The vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal are intended solely for the convenience of professional parties to take appropriate measures to manage the risks posed to the cybersecurity. No rights can be derived from the information provided therein.\n\nNCSC-NL and the Kingdom of the Netherlands assume no legal liability or responsibility for any damage resulting from either the use or inability of use of the vulnerabilities disclosed in this portal. This includes damage resulting from the inaccuracy of incompleteness of the information contained in it.\nThe information on this page is subject to Dutch law. All disputes related to or arising from the use of this portal regarding the disclosure of vulnerabilities will be submitted to the competent court in The Hague. This choice of means also applies to the court in summary proceedings."
            }
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        "publisher": {
            "category": "coordinator",
            "contact_details": "cert@ncsc.nl",
            "name": "National Cyber Security Centre",
            "namespace": "https://www.ncsc.nl/"
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        "title": "CVE-2026-33938",
        "tracking": {
            "current_release_date": "2026-03-31T19:39:21.396041Z",
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            "id": "CVE-2026-33938",
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-27T20:28:33.606041Z",
                    "number": "1",
                    "summary": "CVE created.| Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (4).| CWES updated (1)."
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                    "date": "2026-03-27T20:28:42.205972Z",
                    "number": "2",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score created."
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                    "number": "3",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:40:43.361741Z",
                    "number": "4",
                    "summary": "References created (1)."
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                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:41:15.916374Z",
                    "number": "5",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| References created (3).| CWES updated (1)."
                },
                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T07:41:18.301113Z",
                    "number": "6",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:28:00.987180Z",
                    "number": "7",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (31).| Product Identifiers created (10).| Product Remediations created (31).| References created (5).| CWES updated (1).| Vendor_assessment created."
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                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:28:08.508341Z",
                    "number": "8",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:44:13.696016Z",
                    "number": "9",
                    "summary": "Source created.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| Products connected (2)."
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                    "date": "2026-03-28T12:44:18.580647Z",
                    "number": "10",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-29T00:38:32.069133Z",
                    "number": "11",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| EPSS created."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-29T00:38:34.246177Z",
                    "number": "12",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T12:19:52.947600Z",
                    "number": "13",
                    "summary": "Source connected.| CVE status created. (valid)| Description created for source.| CVSS created.| Products connected (1).| CWES updated (1)."
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                    "date": "2026-03-31T12:19:55.547087Z",
                    "number": "14",
                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T18:25:12.289274Z",
                    "number": "15",
                    "summary": "Products created (1).| Product Identifiers created (1).| Exploits created (1)."
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                    "date": "2026-03-31T18:25:16.958036Z",
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                    "summary": "NCSC Score updated."
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                {
                    "date": "2026-03-31T19:39:08.957462Z",
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                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "## Summary\n\nThe `@partial-block` special variable is stored in the template data context and is reachable and mutable from within a template via helpers that accept arbitrary objects. When a helper overwrites `@partial-block` with a crafted Handlebars AST, a subsequent invocation of `{{> @partial-block}}` compiles and executes that AST, enabling arbitrary JavaScript execution on the server.\n\n## Description\n\nHandlebars stores `@partial-block` in the `data` frame that is accessible to templates. In nested contexts, a parent frame's `@partial-block` is reachable as `@_parent.partial-block`. Because the data frame is a mutable object, any registered helper that accepts an object reference and assigns properties to it can overwrite `@partial-block` with an attacker-controlled value.\n\nWhen `{{> @partial-block}}` is subsequently evaluated, `invokePartial` receives the crafted object. The runtime, finding an object that is not a compiled function, falls back to **dynamically compiling** the value via `env.compile()`. If that value is a well-formed Handlebars AST containing injected code, the injected JavaScript runs in the server process.\n\nThe `handlebars-helpers` npm package (commonly used with Handlebars) includes several helpers such as `merge` that can be used as the mutation primitive.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nTested with Handlebars 4.7.8 and `handlebars-helpers`:\n\n```javascript\nconst Handlebars = require('handlebars');\nconst merge = require('handlebars-helpers').object().merge;\nHandlebars.registerHelper('merge', merge);\n\nconst vulnerableTemplate = `\n{{#*inline \"myPartial\"}}\n    {{>@partial-block}}\n    {{>@partial-block}}\n{{/inline}}\n{{#>myPartial}}\n    {{merge @_parent partial-block=1}}\n    {{merge @_parent partial-block=payload}}\n{{/myPartial}}\n`;\n\nconst maliciousContext = {\n  payload: {\n    type: \"Program\",\n    body: [\n      {\n        type: \"MustacheStatement\",\n        depth: 0,\n        path: {\n          type: \"PathExpression\",\n          parts: [\"pop\"],\n          original: \"this.pop\",\n          // Code injected via depth field — breaks out of generated function call\n          depth: \"0])),function () {console.error('VULNERABLE: RCE via @partial-block');}()));//\",\n        },\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n};\n\nHandlebars.compile(vulnerableTemplate)(maliciousContext);\n// Prints: VULNERABLE: RCE via @partial-block\n```\n\n## Workarounds\n\n- **Use the runtime-only build** (`require('handlebars/runtime')`). The `compile()` method is  absent, eliminating the vulnerable fallback path.\n- **Audit registered helpers** for any that write arbitrary values to context objects. Helpers  should treat context data as read-only.\n- **Avoid registering helpers** from third-party packages (such as `handlebars-helpers`) in  contexts where templates or context data can be influenced by untrusted input.",
                    "title": "github - https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-3mfm-83xf-c92r"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, the `@partial-block` special variable is stored in the template data context and is reachable and mutable from within a template via helpers that accept arbitrary objects. When a helper overwrites `@partial-block` with a crafted Handlebars AST, a subsequent invocation of `{{> @partial-block}}` compiles and executes that AST, enabling arbitrary JavaScript execution on the server. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. First, use the runtime-only build (`require('handlebars/runtime')`). The `compile()` method is  absent, eliminating the vulnerable fallback path. Second, audit registered helpers for any that write arbitrary values to context objects. Helpers  should treat context data as read-only. Third, avoid registering helpers from third-party packages (such as `handlebars-helpers`) in  contexts where templates or context data can be influenced by untrusted input.",
                    "title": "nvd - https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-33938"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, the `@partial-block` special variable is stored in the template data context and is reachable and mutable from within a template via helpers that accept arbitrary objects. When a helper overwrites `@partial-block` with a crafted Handlebars AST, a subsequent invocation of `{{> @partial-block}}` compiles and executes that AST, enabling arbitrary JavaScript execution on the server. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. First, use the runtime-only build (`require('handlebars/runtime')`). The `compile()` method is  absent, eliminating the vulnerable fallback path. Second, audit registered helpers for any that write arbitrary values to context objects. Helpers  should treat context data as read-only. Third, avoid registering helpers from third-party packages (such as `handlebars-helpers`) in  contexts where templates or context data can be influenced by untrusted input.",
                    "title": "cveprojectv5 - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33938.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "A flaw was found in Handlebars. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating the `@partial-block` special variable within the template data context. By overwriting `@partial-block` with a specially crafted Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through a helper, a subsequent invocation of `{{> @partial-block}}` will compile and execute the malicious AST. This enables arbitrary JavaScript execution on the server, leading to potential compromise of the system.\nImportant: A flaw in Handlebars allows arbitrary code execution when processing untrusted input. This occurs if an attacker can manipulate the `@partial-block` special variable through a helper, leading to the execution of a crafted Abstract Syntax Tree. Red Hat products are affected if they use Handlebars versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8 in server-side applications where untrusted input can influence template data or context objects. Deployments utilizing the Handlebars runtime-only build are not vulnerable.",
                    "title": "redhat - https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-33938.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, the `@partial-block` special variable is stored in the template data context and is reachable and mutable from within a template via helpers that accept arbitrary objects. When a helper overwrites `@partial-block` with a crafted Handlebars AST, a subsequent invocation of `{{> @partial-block}}` compiles and executes that AST, enabling arbitrary JavaScript execution on the server. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. First, use the runtime-only build (`require('handlebars/runtime')`). The `compile()` method is  absent, eliminating the vulnerable fallback path. Second, audit registered helpers for any that write arbitrary values to context objects. Helpers  should treat context data as read-only. Third, avoid registering helpers from third-party packages (such as `handlebars-helpers`) in  contexts where templates or context data can be influenced by untrusted input.",
                    "title": "debian - https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2026-33938"
                },
                {
                    "category": "description",
                    "text": "Handlebars.js has JavaScript Injection via AST Type Confusion by tampering @partial-block",
                    "title": "microsoft - https://api.msrc.microsoft.com/cvrf/v3.0/cvrf/2026-Mar"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "0.00068",
                    "title": "EPSS"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "3.9",
                    "title": "NCSC Score"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "Is related to (a version of) an uncommon product",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top increasing factors"
                },
                {
                    "category": "other",
                    "text": "There is exploit data available from source Nvd, Is related to a product by vendor Red Hat, The value of the most recent EPSS score",
                    "title": "NCSC Score top decreasing factors"
                },
                {
                    "category": "details",
                    "text": "Severity: 3\n",
                    "title": "Vendor assessment"
                }
            ],
            "product_status": {
                "known_affected": [
                    "CSAFPID-5956278",
                    "CSAFPID-1439279",
                    "CSAFPID-1439292",
                    "CSAFPID-1439306",
                    "CSAFPID-1439315",
                    "CSAFPID-1439317",
                    "CSAFPID-1439319",
                    "CSAFPID-1441150",
                    "CSAFPID-1459353",
                    "CSAFPID-1459355",
                    "CSAFPID-1459356",
                    "CSAFPID-1459357",
                    "CSAFPID-1459358",
                    "CSAFPID-1459360",
                    "CSAFPID-1459361",
                    "CSAFPID-1663145",
                    "CSAFPID-2467450",
                    "CSAFPID-2524215",
                    "CSAFPID-2552001",
                    "CSAFPID-2631284",
                    "CSAFPID-2855724",
                    "CSAFPID-2855725",
                    "CSAFPID-2858634",
                    "CSAFPID-2873478",
                    "CSAFPID-2876286",
                    "CSAFPID-2914696",
                    "CSAFPID-2914697",
                    "CSAFPID-5068114",
                    "CSAFPID-5187689",
                    "CSAFPID-5958193",
                    "CSAFPID-5958194",
                    "CSAFPID-5958195",
                    "CSAFPID-5958362",
                    "CSAFPID-5958363",
                    "CSAFPID-5733329",
                    "CSAFPID-5969389"
                ]
            },
            "references": [
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - github",
                    "url": "https://api.github.com/advisories/GHSA-3mfm-83xf-c92r"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - nvd",
                    "url": "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-2026-33938"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - cveprojectv5",
                    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2026/33xxx/CVE-2026-33938.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - redhat",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-33938.json"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - debian",
                    "url": "https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2026-33938"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - first",
                    "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?limit=10000&offset=0"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Source - microsoft",
                    "url": "https://api.msrc.microsoft.com/cvrf/v3.0/cvrf/2026-Mar"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/security/advisories/GHSA-3mfm-83xf-c92r"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/commit/68d8df5a88e0a26fe9e6084c5c6aaebe67b07da2"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - cveprojectv5; github; nvd; redhat",
                    "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/releases/tag/v4.7.9"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github",
                    "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3mfm-83xf-c92r"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - github; redhat",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33938"
                },
                {
                    "category": "external",
                    "summary": "Reference - redhat",
                    "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33938"
                }
            ],
            "remediations": [
                {
                    "category": "mitigation",
                    "details": "Applications using Handlebars should implement the runtime-only build (`require('handlebars/runtime')`) to prevent exploitation, as this build lacks the vulnerable `compile()` method. Additionally, review all registered helpers to ensure they do not write arbitrary values to context objects, and avoid using third-party helpers in contexts exposed to untrusted input.",
                    "product_ids": [
                        "CSAFPID-1439279",
                        "CSAFPID-1439292",
                        "CSAFPID-1439306",
                        "CSAFPID-1439315",
                        "CSAFPID-1439317",
                        "CSAFPID-1439319",
                        "CSAFPID-1441150",
                        "CSAFPID-1459353",
                        "CSAFPID-1459355",
                        "CSAFPID-1459356",
                        "CSAFPID-1459357",
                        "CSAFPID-1459358",
                        "CSAFPID-1459360",
                        "CSAFPID-1459361",
                        "CSAFPID-1663145",
                        "CSAFPID-2467450",
                        "CSAFPID-2524215",
                        "CSAFPID-2552001",
                        "CSAFPID-2631284",
                        "CSAFPID-2855724",
                        "CSAFPID-2855725",
                        "CSAFPID-2858634",
                        "CSAFPID-2873478",
                        "CSAFPID-2876286",
                        "CSAFPID-2914696",
                        "CSAFPID-2914697",
                        "CSAFPID-5068114",
                        "CSAFPID-5187689",
                        "CSAFPID-5958193",
                        "CSAFPID-5958194",
                        "CSAFPID-5958195"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "scores": [
                {
                    "cvss_v3": {
                        "version": "3.1",
                        "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                        "baseScore": 8.1,
                        "baseSeverity": "HIGH"
                    },
                    "products": [
                        "CSAFPID-1439279",
                        "CSAFPID-1439292",
                        "CSAFPID-1439306",
                        "CSAFPID-1439315",
                        "CSAFPID-1439317",
                        "CSAFPID-1439319",
                        "CSAFPID-1441150",
                        "CSAFPID-1459353",
                        "CSAFPID-1459355",
                        "CSAFPID-1459356",
                        "CSAFPID-1459357",
                        "CSAFPID-1459358",
                        "CSAFPID-1459360",
                        "CSAFPID-1459361",
                        "CSAFPID-1663145",
                        "CSAFPID-2467450",
                        "CSAFPID-2524215",
                        "CSAFPID-2552001",
                        "CSAFPID-2631284",
                        "CSAFPID-2855724",
                        "CSAFPID-2855725",
                        "CSAFPID-2858634",
                        "CSAFPID-2873478",
                        "CSAFPID-2876286",
                        "CSAFPID-2914696",
                        "CSAFPID-2914697",
                        "CSAFPID-5068114",
                        "CSAFPID-5187689",
                        "CSAFPID-5733329",
                        "CSAFPID-5956278",
                        "CSAFPID-5958193",
                        "CSAFPID-5958194",
                        "CSAFPID-5958195",
                        "CSAFPID-5958362",
                        "CSAFPID-5958363",
                        "CSAFPID-5969389"
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "title": "CVE-2026-33938"
        }
    ]
}